PMID- 35144732
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20220307
LR  - 20220531
IS  - 1873-4030 (Electronic)
IS  - 1350-4533 (Linking)
VI  - 100
DP  - 2022 Feb
TI  - Effects of respiratory rate on the fluid mechanics of a reconstructed upper 
      airway.
PG  - 103746
LID - S1350-4533(21)00146-6 [pii]
LID - 10.1016/j.medengphy.2021.103746 [doi]
AB  - This study aims to utilise particle image velocimetry (PIV) techniques to 
      investigate the time-dependant effects of respiratory rate in the extrathoracic 
      airway, to show how they affect the flow field developed. There has been limited 
      validation of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models using experimental 
      setups. Furthermore, the large majority of existing CFD models focus on rigid 
      airways, not accounting for active deformation through the breathing cycle. 
      Experiments were carried out to expand upon Zhao et al.'s previous study, in 
      which a single respiratory rate was investigated. This studied utilised a 
      transient, sinusoidal flow profile with two respiratory rates of 10 breaths per 
      minute (BPM) and 25 BPM, both achieving a maximum flow rate correlating to 
      5 L/min in air to simulate tidal breathing. Results from this study showed that 
      respiratory rate had the greatest influence near the onset of the inspiratory and 
      expiratory manoeuvres, with the higher respiratory rate homogenising later in the 
      cycle. It was shown that airway deformation at the level of the soft palate 
      homogenised flow downstream of the deformation which resulted in a lower peak 
      magnitude velocity for approximately 40% of the cycle at the level of the 
      epiglottis, when compared to the rigid airway model.
CI  - Copyright (c) 2021. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
FAU - Burchell, Christopher
AU  - Burchell C
AD  - School of Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
FAU - Kourmatzis, Agisilaos
AU  - Kourmatzis A
AD  - School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering, University of Sydney 
      Australia. Electronic address: agisilaos.kourmatzis@sydney.edu.au.
FAU - Zhao, Yongling
AU  - Zhao Y
AD  - Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich 8093, 
      Switzerland.
FAU - Raco, Joel
AU  - Raco J
AD  - School of Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
FAU - Mekonnen, Taye
AU  - Mekonnen T
AD  - School of Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
FAU - Chan, Hak-Kim
AU  - Chan HK
AD  - Sydney Pharmacy School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
FAU - Cheng, Shaokoon
AU  - Cheng S
AD  - School of Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
DEP - 20211223
PL  - England
TA  - Med Eng Phys
JT  - Medical engineering & physics
JID - 9422753
SB  - IM
MH  - Humans
MH  - *Hydrodynamics
MH  - *Models, Biological
MH  - Respiration
MH  - *Respiratory Rate
MH  - *Respiratory System
MH  - Rheology
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Active deformation
OT  - Airways
OT  - Breathing frequency
OT  - Deformable airway
OT  - Epiglottis
OT  - Expiratory
OT  - Extra-thoracic
OT  - Fllow Field
OT  - Flow homogeny
OT  - Inspiratory
OT  - MRI
OT  - MRI reconstructed upper airway model
OT  - Particle image velocimetry
OT  - Patency
OT  - Pulsatile
OT  - Respiratory rate
OT  - Reynolds
OT  - Rigid model
OT  - Tidal breathing
OT  - Womersley
EDAT- 2022/02/12 06:00
MHDA- 2022/03/08 06:00
CRDT- 2022/02/11 05:31
PHST- 2021/02/22 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2021/11/25 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2021/12/21 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2022/02/11 05:31 [entrez]
PHST- 2022/02/12 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2022/03/08 06:00 [medline]
AID - S1350-4533(21)00146-6 [pii]
AID - 10.1016/j.medengphy.2021.103746 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Med Eng Phys. 2022 Feb;100:103746. doi: 10.1016/j.medengphy.2021.103746. Epub 
      2021 Dec 23.