PMID- 35161920
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20220216
LR  - 20220219
IS  - 1424-8220 (Electronic)
IS  - 1424-8220 (Linking)
VI  - 22
IP  - 3
DP  - 2022 Feb 4
TI  - Cuffless Blood Pressure Estimation Based on Monte Carlo Simulation Using 
      Photoplethysmography Signals.
LID - 10.3390/s22031175 [doi]
LID - 1175
AB  - Blood pressure measurements are one of the most routinely performed medical tests 
      globally. Blood pressure is an important metric since it provides information 
      that can be used to diagnose several vascular diseases. Conventional blood 
      pressure measurement systems use cuff-based devices to measure the blood 
      pressure, which may be uncomfortable and sometimes burdensome to the subjects. 
      Therefore, in this study, we propose a cuffless blood pressure estimation model 
      based on Monte Carlo simulation (MCS). We propose a heterogeneous finger model 
      for the MCS at wavelengths of 905 nm and 940 nm. After recording the photon 
      intensities from the MCS over a certain range of blood pressure values, the 
      actual photoplethysmography (PPG) signals were used to estimate blood pressure. 
      We used both publicly available and self-made datasets to evaluate the 
      performance of the proposed model. In case of the publicly available dataset for 
      transmission-type MCS, the mean absolute errors are 3.32 +/- 6.03 mmHg for systolic 
      blood pressure (SBP), 2.02 +/- 2.64 mmHg for diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and 
      1.76 +/- 2.8 mmHg for mean arterial pressure (MAP). The self-made dataset is used 
      for both transmission- and reflection-type MCSs; its mean absolute errors are 
      2.54 +/- 4.24 mmHg for SBP, 1.49 +/- 2.82 mmHg for DBP, and 1.51 +/- 2.41 mmHg for MAP 
      in the transmission-type case as well as 3.35 +/- 5.06 mmHg for SBP, 2.07 +/- 2.83 
      mmHg for DBP, and 2.12 +/- 2.83 mmHg for MAP in the reflection-type case. The 
      estimated results of the SBP and DBP satisfy the requirements of the Association 
      for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation (AAMI) standards and are within 
      Grade A according to the British Hypertension Society (BHS) standards. These 
      results show that the proposed model is efficient for estimating blood pressures 
      using fingertip PPG signals.
FAU - Haque, Chowdhury Azimul
AU  - Haque CA
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-3947-1454
AD  - Department of Electronics Engineering, Kookmin University, Seoul 02707, Korea.
FAU - Kwon, Tae-Ho
AU  - Kwon TH
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0001-6784-5591
AD  - Department of Electronics Engineering, Kookmin University, Seoul 02707, Korea.
FAU - Kim, Ki-Doo
AU  - Kim KD
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0001-5052-3844
AD  - Department of Electronics Engineering, Kookmin University, Seoul 02707, Korea.
LA  - eng
GR  - 2015R1A5A7037615/National Research Foundation of Korea/
GR  - NRF-2019R1F1A1062317/National Research Foundation of Korea/
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20220204
PL  - Switzerland
TA  - Sensors (Basel)
JT  - Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
JID - 101204366
SB  - IM
MH  - Blood Pressure
MH  - Blood Pressure Determination
MH  - Humans
MH  - *Hypertension/diagnosis
MH  - Monte Carlo Method
MH  - *Photoplethysmography
PMC - PMC8838459
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Monte Carlo simulation
OT  - blood pressure
OT  - cuffless
OT  - machine learning
OT  - photoplethysmography
COIS- The authors hereby declare that they have no conflict of interest. The funders 
      had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or 
      interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, or in the publication 
      of the results.
EDAT- 2022/02/16 06:00
MHDA- 2022/02/17 06:00
PMCR- 2022/02/04
CRDT- 2022/02/15 01:12
PHST- 2022/01/03 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2022/01/28 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2022/01/29 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2022/02/15 01:12 [entrez]
PHST- 2022/02/16 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2022/02/17 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2022/02/04 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - s22031175 [pii]
AID - sensors-22-01175 [pii]
AID - 10.3390/s22031175 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - Sensors (Basel). 2022 Feb 4;22(3):1175. doi: 10.3390/s22031175.