PMID- 35197141
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20230717
LR  - 20240326
IS  - 1469-8978 (Electronic)
IS  - 0033-2917 (Print)
IS  - 0033-2917 (Linking)
VI  - 53
IP  - 7
DP  - 2023 May
TI  - Altered glutamate level and its association with working memory among patients 
      with treatment-resistant schizophrenia (TRS): a proton magnetic resonance 
      spectroscopy study.
PG  - 3220-3227
LID - 10.1017/S003329172100533X [doi]
AB  - BACKGROUND: Treatment-resistant schizophrenia (TRS) and non-TRS may be associated 
      with different dopaminergic and glutamatergic regulations. The concept of 
      dysregulated glutamatergic concentrations in specific brain regions remains 
      controversial. Herein, we aimed to assess (i) the distribution of the 
      glutamatergic concentration in the brain, (ii) the association between working 
      memory (WM) differences in TRS and non-TRS patients, and (iii) whether an 
      alteration in the glutamate (Glu) level is associated with WM. METHODS: The 
      participants included 38 TRS patients, 35 non-TRS patients, and 19 healthy 
      controls (HCs), all of whom underwent 1.5-Tesla proton magnetic resonance 
      spectroscopy of anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and medial prefrontal cortex 
      (MPFC). The ratios of glutamatergic neurometabolites to N-acetylaspartate + 
      N-acetyl aspartylglutamate (NAAx) were calculated. Cognitive function was 
      assessed using the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scales, 4th Edition, which 
      included the working memory index (WMI). RESULT: The TRS patients had a higher 
      glutamate + glutamine (Glx)/NAAx ratio compared to the non-TRS patients and HCs 
      in the ACC, but this was not significantly different in the MPFC. WM was 
      negatively correlated with Glx/NAAx in the ACC among the non-TRS patients, but 
      not in the TRS patients or HCs. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings were consistent with 
      most studies indicating that the glutamatergic concentration in the ACC plays 
      important roles in the classification of TRS and cognition. Our results may 
      provide potential evidence for predictors and treatment response biomarkers in 
      TRS patients. Further research is needed to probe the value using the 
      relationship between Glu and WM as a potential prognostic predictor of 
      schizophrenia.
FAU - Huang, Li-Chung
AU  - Huang LC
AD  - Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
AD  - Department of Psychiatry, Chia-Yi Branch, Taichung Veteran General Hospital, 
      Chia-Yi, Taiwan.
AD  - Department of Counseling, National Chia-Yi University, Chia-Yi, Taiwan.
FAU - Lin, Shih-Hsien
AU  - Lin SH
AD  - Department of Psychiatry, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of 
      Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
AD  - Institute of Behavioral Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung 
      University, Tainan, Taiwan.
FAU - Tseng, Huai-Hsuan
AU  - Tseng HH
AD  - Department of Psychiatry, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of 
      Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
AD  - Institute of Behavioral Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung 
      University, Tainan, Taiwan.
FAU - Chen, Kao Chin
AU  - Chen KC
AD  - Department of Psychiatry, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of 
      Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
FAU - Abdullah, Muhammad
AU  - Abdullah M
AD  - Taiwan International Graduate Program in Interdisciplinary Neuroscience, National 
      Cheng Kung University and Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
FAU - Yang, Yen Kuang
AU  - Yang YK
AD  - Department of Psychiatry, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of 
      Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
AD  - Institute of Behavioral Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung 
      University, Tainan, Taiwan.
AD  - Department of Psychiatry, Tainan Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, 
      Tainan, Taiwan.
LA  - eng
GR  - R-VHCY108003/Chiayi Chang Gung Memorial Hospital/
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20220224
PL  - England
TA  - Psychol Med
JT  - Psychological medicine
JID - 1254142
RN  - 3KX376GY7L (Glutamic Acid)
RN  - 0RH81L854J (Glutamine)
SB  - IM
MH  - Adult
MH  - Humans
MH  - *Glutamic Acid
MH  - Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy/methods
MH  - Memory, Short-Term/physiology
MH  - *Schizophrenia/diagnostic imaging/drug therapy
MH  - Schizophrenia, Treatment-Resistant
MH  - Gyrus Cinguli/diagnostic imaging
MH  - Glutamine
PMC - PMC10244010
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Anterior cingulate cortex
OT  - cognition
OT  - glutamatergic neurometabolites
OT  - magnetic resonance spectroscopy
OT  - treatment-resistant schizophrenia
OT  - working memory
COIS- The funding institutions of this study had no further role in the study design, 
      the collection, analysis and interpretation of data, the writing of this paper, 
      or the decision to submit for publication. The authors report no financial 
      relationships with commercial interests.
EDAT- 2022/02/25 06:00
MHDA- 2023/07/17 06:41
PMCR- 2023/06/07
CRDT- 2022/02/24 05:32
PHST- 2023/07/17 06:41 [medline]
PHST- 2022/02/25 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2022/02/24 05:32 [entrez]
PHST- 2023/06/07 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - S003329172100533X [pii]
AID - 10.1017/S003329172100533X [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Psychol Med. 2023 May;53(7):3220-3227. doi: 10.1017/S003329172100533X. Epub 2022 
      Feb 24.