PMID- 35215790
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20220309
LR  - 20220309
IS  - 1999-4915 (Electronic)
IS  - 1999-4915 (Linking)
VI  - 14
IP  - 2
DP  - 2022 Jan 20
TI  - Adaptive Immune Responses, Immune Escape and Immune-Mediated Pathogenesis during 
      HDV Infection.
LID - 10.3390/v14020198 [doi]
LID - 198
AB  - The hepatitis delta virus (HDV) is the smallest known human virus, yet it causes 
      great harm to patients co-infected with hepatitis B virus (HBV). As a satellite 
      virus of HBV, HDV requires the surface antigen of HBV (HBsAg) for sufficient 
      viral packaging and spread. The special circumstance of co-infection, albeit only 
      one partner depends on the other, raises many virological, immunological, and 
      pathophysiological questions. In the last years, breakthroughs were made in 
      understanding the adaptive immune response, in particular, virus-specific CD4+ 
      and CD8+ T cells, in self-limited versus persistent HBV/HDV co-infection. Indeed, 
      the mechanisms of CD8+ T cell failure in persistent HBV/HDV co-infection include 
      viral escape and T cell exhaustion, and mimic those in other persistent human 
      viral infections, such as hepatitis C virus (HCV), human immunodeficiency virus 
      (HIV), and HBV mono-infection. However, compared to these larger viruses, the 
      small HDV has perfectly adapted to evade recognition by CD8+ T cells restricted 
      by common human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I alleles. Furthermore, accelerated 
      progression towards liver cirrhosis in persistent HBV/HDV co-infection was 
      attributed to an increased immune-mediated pathology, either caused by innate 
      pathways initiated by the interferon (IFN) system or triggered by misguided and 
      dysfunctional T cells. These new insights into HDV-specific adaptive immunity 
      will be discussed in this review and put into context with known well-described 
      aspects in HBV, HCV, and HIV infections.
FAU - Oberhardt, Valerie
AU  - Oberhardt V
AD  - Department of Medicine II (Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology and 
      Infectious Diseases), Freiburg University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, 
      University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany.
AD  - Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.
FAU - Hofmann, Maike
AU  - Hofmann M
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0001-8410-8833
AD  - Department of Medicine II (Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology and 
      Infectious Diseases), Freiburg University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, 
      University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany.
FAU - Thimme, Robert
AU  - Thimme R
AD  - Department of Medicine II (Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology and 
      Infectious Diseases), Freiburg University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, 
      University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany.
FAU - Neumann-Haefelin, Christoph
AU  - Neumann-Haefelin C
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0001-7351-1387
AD  - Department of Medicine II (Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology and 
      Infectious Diseases), Freiburg University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, 
      University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
PT  - Review
DEP - 20220120
PL  - Switzerland
TA  - Viruses
JT  - Viruses
JID - 101509722
SB  - IM
MH  - Adaptive Immunity
MH  - Animals
MH  - CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
MH  - Hepatitis D/*immunology/virology
MH  - Hepatitis Delta Virus/genetics/immunology/pathogenicity/*physiology
MH  - Humans
MH  - Immune Evasion
MH  - Virus Replication
PMC - PMC8880046
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - CD4+ T cells
OT  - CD8+ T cells
OT  - T-cell exhaustion
OT  - hepatitis D virus (HDV)
OT  - immune-mediated pathogenesis
OT  - viral escape
COIS- The authors declare no conflict of interest.
EDAT- 2022/02/27 06:00
MHDA- 2022/03/11 06:00
PMCR- 2022/01/20
CRDT- 2022/02/26 01:06
PHST- 2021/12/07 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2022/01/14 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2022/01/16 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2022/02/26 01:06 [entrez]
PHST- 2022/02/27 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2022/03/11 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2022/01/20 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - v14020198 [pii]
AID - viruses-14-00198 [pii]
AID - 10.3390/v14020198 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - Viruses. 2022 Jan 20;14(2):198. doi: 10.3390/v14020198.