PMID- 35221675
OWN - NLM
STAT- PubMed-not-MEDLINE
LR  - 20220502
IS  - 1177-889X (Print)
IS  - 1177-889X (Electronic)
IS  - 1177-889X (Linking)
VI  - 16
DP  - 2022
TI  - Glycemic Control and Its Relationship with Diabetes Self-Care Behaviors Among 
      Patients with Type 2 Diabetes in Northern Jordan: A Cross-Sectional Study.
PG  - 449-465
LID - 10.2147/PPA.S343214 [doi]
AB  - BACKGROUND: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic progressive disease that 
      significantly impacts morbidity and mortality worldwide. Glycemic control is 
      central in diabetes management, yet complex and challenging to achieve; it can be 
      affected by various factors. Diabetes self-care behaviors are vital strategies 
      for effective T2DM management. PURPOSE: To evaluate the levels of glycemic 
      control and diabetes self-care behaviors, and the significance of each behavior 
      on glycemic control among patients with T2DM in Jordan. PATIENTS AND METHODS: 
      This cross-sectional study was conducted in medical and endocrinology outpatient 
      clinics of three hospitals in northern Jordan. A convenience sample of 520 
      patients with T2DM participated in the study. Diabetes self-care behaviors, 
      including diet, exercise, blood glucose testing, taking medication, and foot care 
      behaviors, were measured using the Arabic version of the Summary of Diabetes 
      Self-Care Activities (SDSCA-Arabic) questionnaire. Psychological distress was 
      measured using the Arabic version of the 4-items Patient Health Questionnaire 
      (PHQ-4). Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels were used to assess glycemic control. 
      RESULTS: Out of 520 participants, 92.7% (n= 482) had poor glycemic control (HbA1c 
      >/=7%), with a mean of 9.29% (SD=2.06) for HbA1c. The SDSCA overall mean score was 
      3.25 days (SD=0.88), indicating an unsatisfactory level, with 79.2% of 
      participants having performed self-care activities 4-days/week. Greater adherence 
      to diabetes self-care behaviors was associated with better glycemic control. 
      Exercise was the most important predictor of HbA1c (p<0.001), followed by general 
      diet (p<0.001), specific diet (p<0.001), and blood sugar testing (p<0.001). 
      Moreover, the Body Mass Index (p<0.001), treatment type (p<0.001), and income 
      (p=0.03) were significant predictors. CONCLUSION: The proportions of poor 
      glycemic control and unsatisfactory self-care behaviors were high among T2DM 
      patients. To enhance patients' self-care behaviors and lifestyles changes, the 
      patients need tailored diabetes self-care management educational and supportive 
      programs, conducted by qualified diabetes educators using culturally sensitive 
      strategies.
CI  - (c) 2022 Almomani and AL-Tawalbeh.
FAU - Almomani, Maysa H
AU  - Almomani MH
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-6145-3965
AD  - Department of Adult Health Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Jordan University of 
      Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan.
FAU - Al-Tawalbeh, Shahinaz
AU  - Al-Tawalbeh S
AD  - Department of Community and Mental Health Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Jordan 
      University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20220219
PL  - New Zealand
TA  - Patient Prefer Adherence
JT  - Patient preference and adherence
JID - 101475748
PMC - PMC8865859
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Jordan
OT  - glycemic control
OT  - psychological stress
OT  - self-care management
OT  - type 2 diabetes mellitus
COIS- The authors declare no conflicts of interest in this work.
EDAT- 2022/03/01 06:00
MHDA- 2022/03/01 06:01
PMCR- 2022/02/19
CRDT- 2022/02/28 05:32
PHST- 2021/10/10 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2022/01/15 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2022/02/28 05:32 [entrez]
PHST- 2022/03/01 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2022/03/01 06:01 [medline]
PHST- 2022/02/19 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - 343214 [pii]
AID - 10.2147/PPA.S343214 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - Patient Prefer Adherence. 2022 Feb 19;16:449-465. doi: 10.2147/PPA.S343214. 
      eCollection 2022.