PMID- 35233347
OWN - NLM
STAT- Publisher
LR  - 20240220
IS  - 2190-6815 (Print)
IS  - 2190-6823 (Electronic)
IS  - 2190-6815 (Linking)
DP  - 2022 Feb 25
TI  - Experimental investigation of spray characteristics of ethyl esters in a constant 
      volume chamber.
PG  - 1-18
LID - 10.1007/s13399-022-02476-3 [doi]
AB  - ABSTRACT: Biodiesels are mainly produced via the utilization of methanol in 
      transesterification, which is the widespread biodiesel production process. The 
      majority of this methanol is currently obtained from fossil resources, i.e. coal 
      and natural gas. However, in contrast with methanol, biomass-based ethanol can 
      also be used to produce biodiesels; this could allow the production line to 
      become fully renewable. This study aimed to investigate the spray characteristics 
      of various ethyl ester type biodiesels derived from sunflower and corn oils in 
      comparison to methyl esters based on the same feedstocks and reference 
      petroleum-based diesel. Spray penetration length (SPL) and spray cone angle (SCA) 
      were experimentally evaluated in a constant volume chamber allowing optical 
      access, under chamber pressures of 0, 5, 10 and 15 bar and injection pressures of 
      600 and 800 bar. Sauter mean diameter (SMD) values were estimated by using an 
      analytical correlation. Consequently, ethyl esters performed longer SPL (2.8-20%) 
      and narrower SCA (5.1-19%) than diesel under ambient pressures of 5 and 10 bar. 
      Although the SMD values of ethyl esters were 48% higher than diesel on average, 
      their macroscopic spray characteristics were very similar to those of diesel 
      under 15 bar chamber pressure. Moreover, ethyl esters were found to be very 
      similar to methyl esters in terms of spray characteristics. The differences in 
      SPL, SCA and SMD values for both types of biodiesels were lower than 4%. When 
      considering the uncertainty (+/- 0.84%) and repeatability (+/-5%) ratios, the 
      difference between the spray characteristics of methyl and ethyl esters was not 
      major.
CI  - (c) The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of 
      Springer Nature 2022.
FAU - Ulu, Anilcan
AU  - Ulu A
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0003-2273-450X
AD  - Department of Mechanical Engineering, Izmir Institute of Technology, Faculty of 
      Engineering, Urla, 35430 Izmir, Turkey. GRID: grid.419609.3. ISNI: 0000 0000 9261 
      240X
FAU - Yildiz, Guray
AU  - Yildiz G
AD  - Department of Energy Systems Engineering, Izmir Institute of Technology, Faculty 
      of Engineering, Urla, 35430 Izmir, Turkey. GRID: grid.419609.3. ISNI: 0000 0000 
      9261 240X
FAU - Ozkol, Unver
AU  - Ozkol U
AD  - Department of Mechanical Engineering, Izmir Institute of Technology, Faculty of 
      Engineering, Urla, 35430 Izmir, Turkey. GRID: grid.419609.3. ISNI: 0000 0000 9261 
      240X
FAU - Rodriguez, Alvaro Diez
AU  - Rodriguez AD
AD  - Department of Mechanical Engineering, Izmir Institute of Technology, Faculty of 
      Engineering, Urla, 35430 Izmir, Turkey. GRID: grid.419609.3. ISNI: 0000 0000 9261 
      240X
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20220225
PL  - Germany
TA  - Biomass Convers Biorefin
JT  - Biomass conversion and biorefinery
JID - 101698202
PMC - PMC8872800
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Biodiesel
OT  - Constant volume chamber
OT  - Ethyl ester
OT  - Methyl ester
OT  - Spray investigation
COIS- Conflict of interestThe authors declare no competing interests.
EDAT- 2022/03/03 06:00
MHDA- 2022/03/03 06:00
PMCR- 2022/02/25
CRDT- 2022/03/02 06:14
PHST- 2021/11/30 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2022/02/07 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2022/02/15 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2022/03/02 06:14 [entrez]
PHST- 2022/03/03 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2022/03/03 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2022/02/25 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - 2476 [pii]
AID - 10.1007/s13399-022-02476-3 [doi]
PST - aheadofprint
SO  - Biomass Convers Biorefin. 2022 Feb 25:1-18. doi: 10.1007/s13399-022-02476-3.