PMID- 35269827
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20220408
LR  - 20230917
IS  - 1422-0067 (Electronic)
IS  - 1422-0067 (Linking)
VI  - 23
IP  - 5
DP  - 2022 Feb 28
TI  - Alzheimer's Disease as Type 3 Diabetes: Common Pathophysiological Mechanisms 
      between Alzheimer's Disease and Type 2 Diabetes.
LID - 10.3390/ijms23052687 [doi]
LID - 2687
AB  - Globally, the incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and Alzheimer's 
      disease (AD) epidemics is increasing rapidly and has huge financial and emotional 
      costs. The purpose of the current review article is to discuss the shared 
      pathophysiological connections between AD and T2DM. Research findings are 
      presented to underline the vital role that insulin plays in the brain's 
      neurotransmitters, homeostasis of energy, as well as memory capacity. The 
      findings of this review indicate the existence of a mechanistic interplay between 
      AD pathogenesis with T2DM and, especially, disrupted insulin signaling. AD and 
      T2DM are interlinked with insulin resistance, neuroinflammation, oxidative 
      stress, advanced glycosylation end products (AGEs), mitochondrial dysfunction and 
      metabolic syndrome. Beta-amyloid, tau protein and amylin can accumulate in T2DM 
      and AD brains. Given that the T2DM patients are not routinely evaluated in terms 
      of their cognitive status, they are rarely treated for cognitive impairment. 
      Similarly, AD patients are not routinely evaluated for high levels of insulin or 
      for T2DM. Studies suggesting AD as a metabolic disease caused by insulin 
      resistance in the brain also offer strong support for the hypothesis that AD is a 
      type 3 diabetes.
FAU - Michailidis, Michalis
AU  - Michailidis M
AD  - Laboratory of Psychology, School of Psychology, Aristotle University of 
      Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece.
FAU - Moraitou, Despina
AU  - Moraitou D
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-0527-7143
AD  - Laboratory of Psychology, School of Psychology, Aristotle University of 
      Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece.
FAU - Tata, Despina A
AU  - Tata DA
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0001-5563-4017
AD  - Laboratory of Psychology, School of Psychology, Aristotle University of 
      Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece.
FAU - Kalinderi, Kallirhoe
AU  - Kalinderi K
AD  - Laboratory of Medical Biology-Genetics, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health 
      Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece.
FAU - Papamitsou, Theodora
AU  - Papamitsou T
AD  - Histology and Embryology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Aristotle University of 
      Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece.
FAU - Papaliagkas, Vasileios
AU  - Papaliagkas V
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0003-1064-0290
AD  - Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, International 
      Hellenic University, 57400 Thessaloniki, Greece.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Review
DEP - 20220228
PL  - Switzerland
TA  - Int J Mol Sci
JT  - International journal of molecular sciences
JID - 101092791
RN  - 0 (Amyloid beta-Peptides)
RN  - 0 (Insulin)
SB  - IM
MH  - *Alzheimer Disease/metabolism
MH  - Amyloid beta-Peptides/metabolism
MH  - Brain/metabolism
MH  - *Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/metabolism
MH  - Humans
MH  - Insulin/metabolism
MH  - *Insulin Resistance/physiology
PMC - PMC8910482
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Alzheimer type 3 diabetes
OT  - amyloid beta
OT  - brain insulin resistance
OT  - inflammation and cognition
OT  - type 2 diabetes mellitus
COIS- The authors report no conflict of interest.
EDAT- 2022/03/11 06:00
MHDA- 2022/04/09 06:00
PMCR- 2022/02/28
CRDT- 2022/03/10 15:36
PHST- 2022/02/10 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2022/02/25 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2022/02/26 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2022/03/10 15:36 [entrez]
PHST- 2022/03/11 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2022/04/09 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2022/02/28 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - ijms23052687 [pii]
AID - ijms-23-02687 [pii]
AID - 10.3390/ijms23052687 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - Int J Mol Sci. 2022 Feb 28;23(5):2687. doi: 10.3390/ijms23052687.