PMID- 35269828
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20220408
LR  - 20220408
IS  - 1422-0067 (Electronic)
IS  - 1422-0067 (Linking)
VI  - 23
IP  - 5
DP  - 2022 Feb 28
TI  - Multiple Roles for Cytokines in Atopic Dermatitis: From Pathogenic Mediators to 
      Endotype-Specific Biomarkers to Therapeutic Targets.
LID - 10.3390/ijms23052684 [doi]
LID - 2684
AB  - Atopic dermatitis (AD) is one of the most common chronic inflammatory skin 
      diseases, which generally presents with intense itching and recurrent eczematous 
      lesions. AD affects up to 20% of children and 10% of adults in high-income 
      countries. The prevalence and incidence of AD have increased in recent years. The 
      onset of AD mostly occurs in childhood, although in some cases AD may persist in 
      adult life or even manifest in middle age (adult-onset AD). AD pathophysiology is 
      made of a complex net, in which genetic background, skin barrier dysfunction, 
      innate and adaptive immune responses, as well as itch contribute to disease 
      development, progression, and chronicization. One of the most important features 
      of AD is skin dehydration, which is mainly caused by filaggrin mutations that 
      determine trans-epidermal water loss, pH alterations, and antigen penetration. In 
      accordance with the "outside-inside" theory of AD pathogenesis, in a context of 
      an altered epidermal barrier, antigens encounter epidermal antigen presentation 
      cells (APCs), such as epidermal Langerhans cells and inflammatory epidermal 
      dendritic cells, leading to their maturation and Th-2 cell-mediated inflammation. 
      APCs also bear trimeric high-affinity receptors for immunoglobulin E (IgE), which 
      induce IgE-mediated sensitizations as part of pathogenic mechanisms leading to 
      AD. In this review, we discuss the role of cytokines in the pathogenesis of AD, 
      considering patients with various clinical AD phenotypes. Moreover, we describe 
      the cytokine patterns in patients with AD at different phases of the disease 
      evolution, as well as in relation to different phenotypes/endotypes, including 
      age, race, and intrinsic/extrinsic subtypes. We also discuss the outcomes of 
      current biologics for AD, which corroborate the presence of multiple cytokine 
      axes involved in the background of AD. A deep insight into the correlation 
      between cytokine patterns and the related clinical forms of AD is a crucial step 
      towards increasingly personalized, and therefore more efficient therapy.
FAU - Fania, Luca
AU  - Fania L
AD  - Integrated Center for Research in Atopic Dermatitis (CRI-DA), IDI-IRCCS, Via 
      Monti di Creta, 104, 00167 Rome, Italy.
FAU - Moretta, Gaia
AU  - Moretta G
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-8839-5961
AD  - Integrated Center for Research in Atopic Dermatitis (CRI-DA), IDI-IRCCS, Via 
      Monti di Creta, 104, 00167 Rome, Italy.
FAU - Antonelli, Flaminia
AU  - Antonelli F
AD  - Integrated Center for Research in Atopic Dermatitis (CRI-DA), IDI-IRCCS, Via 
      Monti di Creta, 104, 00167 Rome, Italy.
FAU - Scala, Enrico
AU  - Scala E
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-9391-9168
AD  - Integrated Center for Research in Atopic Dermatitis (CRI-DA), IDI-IRCCS, Via 
      Monti di Creta, 104, 00167 Rome, Italy.
FAU - Abeni, Damiano
AU  - Abeni D
AD  - Clinical Epidemiology Unit, IDI-IRCCS, 00167 Rome, Italy.
FAU - Albanesi, Cristina
AU  - Albanesi C
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-7537-6833
AD  - Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, IDI-IRCCS, Via Monti di Creta, 104, 00167 
      Rome, Italy.
FAU - Madonna, Stefania
AU  - Madonna S
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0003-0585-6783
AD  - Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, IDI-IRCCS, Via Monti di Creta, 104, 00167 
      Rome, Italy.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Review
DEP - 20220228
PL  - Switzerland
TA  - Int J Mol Sci
JT  - International journal of molecular sciences
JID - 101092791
RN  - 0 (Biomarkers)
RN  - 0 (Cytokines)
RN  - 37341-29-0 (Immunoglobulin E)
SB  - IM
MH  - Biomarkers
MH  - Cytokines/genetics
MH  - *Dermatitis, Atopic
MH  - Humans
MH  - Immunoglobulin E
MH  - Pruritus
MH  - *Skin Diseases
PMC - PMC8910412
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - atopic dermatitis
OT  - biologics
OT  - cytokines
OT  - endotypes
OT  - intracellular pathways
OT  - itch
OT  - small-molecule inhibitors
COIS- The authors declare no conflict of interest.
EDAT- 2022/03/11 06:00
MHDA- 2022/04/09 06:00
PMCR- 2022/02/28
CRDT- 2022/03/10 15:36
PHST- 2022/02/07 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2022/02/21 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2022/02/25 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2022/03/10 15:36 [entrez]
PHST- 2022/03/11 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2022/04/09 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2022/02/28 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - ijms23052684 [pii]
AID - ijms-23-02684 [pii]
AID - 10.3390/ijms23052684 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - Int J Mol Sci. 2022 Feb 28;23(5):2684. doi: 10.3390/ijms23052684.