PMID- 35327124 OWN - NLM STAT- PubMed-not-MEDLINE LR - 20220329 IS - 2076-2615 (Print) IS - 2076-2615 (Electronic) IS - 2076-2615 (Linking) VI - 12 IP - 6 DP - 2022 Mar 14 TI - Dynamic miRNA Landscape Links Mammary Gland Development to the Regulation of Milk Protein Expression in Mice. LID - 10.3390/ani12060727 [doi] LID - 727 AB - Mammary gland morphology varies considerably between pregnancy and lactation status, e.g., virgin to pregnant and lactation to weaning. Throughout these critical developmental phases, the mammary glands undergo remodeling to accommodate changes in milk production capacity, which is positively correlated with milk protein expression. The purpose of this study was to investigate the microRNA (miRNA) expression profiles in female ICR mice's mammary glands at the virgin stage (V), day 16 of pregnancy (P16d), day 12 of lactation (L12d), day 1 of forced weaning (FW1d), and day 3 of forced weaning (FW3d), and to identify the miRNAs regulating milk protein gene expression. During the five stages of testing, 852 known miRNAs and 179 novel miRNAs were identified in the mammary glands. Based on their expression patterns, the identified miRNAs were grouped into 12 clusters. The expression pattern of cluster 1 miRNAs was opposite to that of milk protein genes in mammary glands in all five different stages. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analyses revealed that the predicted target genes of cluster 1 miRNAs were related to murine mammary gland development and lactation. Furthermore, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis revealed that the novel-mmu-miR424-5p, which belongs to the cluster 1 miRNAs, was expressed in murine mammary epithelial cells. The dual-luciferase reporter assay revealed that an important milk protein gene-beta-casein (CSN2)-was regarded as one of the likely targets for the novel-mmu-miR424-5p. This study analyzed the expression patterns of miRNAs in murine mammary glands throughout five critical developmental stages, and discovered a novel miRNA involved in regulating the expression of CSN2. These findings contribute to an enhanced understanding of the developmental biology of mammary glands, providing guidelines for increasing lactation efficiency and milk quality. FAU - Wang, Wenjing AU - Wang W AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-1726-7815 AD - National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China. AD - Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China. AD - Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China. FAU - Zang, Xupeng AU - Zang X AD - National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China. AD - Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China. AD - Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China. FAU - Liu, Yonglun AU - Liu Y AD - National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China. AD - Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China. AD - Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China. FAU - Liang, Yunyi AU - Liang Y AD - National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China. AD - Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China. AD - Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China. FAU - Cai, Gengyuan AU - Cai G AD - National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China. AD - Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China. AD - Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China. FAU - Wu, Zhenfang AU - Wu Z AD - National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China. AD - Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China. AD - Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China. AD - State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China. AD - Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Guangzhou 510642, China. FAU - Li, Zicong AU - Li Z AD - National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China. AD - Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China. AD - Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China. AD - State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China. LA - eng GR - 2019BT02N630/Department of Science and Technology of Guangdong Province/ PT - Journal Article DEP - 20220314 PL - Switzerland TA - Animals (Basel) JT - Animals : an open access journal from MDPI JID - 101635614 PMC - PMC8944794 OTO - NOTNLM OT - mammary gland OT - microRNA OT - milk protein OT - mouse COIS- The authors declare no conflict of interest. EDAT- 2022/03/26 06:00 MHDA- 2022/03/26 06:01 PMCR- 2022/03/14 CRDT- 2022/03/25 01:03 PHST- 2022/02/23 00:00 [received] PHST- 2022/03/10 00:00 [revised] PHST- 2022/03/10 00:00 [accepted] PHST- 2022/03/25 01:03 [entrez] PHST- 2022/03/26 06:00 [pubmed] PHST- 2022/03/26 06:01 [medline] PHST- 2022/03/14 00:00 [pmc-release] AID - ani12060727 [pii] AID - animals-12-00727 [pii] AID - 10.3390/ani12060727 [doi] PST - epublish SO - Animals (Basel). 2022 Mar 14;12(6):727. doi: 10.3390/ani12060727.