PMID- 35360000
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20220408
LR  - 20220705
IS  - 1664-3224 (Electronic)
IS  - 1664-3224 (Linking)
VI  - 13
DP  - 2022
TI  - The Induced Immune Response in Patients With Infectious Spondylodiscitis: A 
      Prospective Observational Cohort Study.
PG  - 858934
LID - 10.3389/fimmu.2022.858934 [doi]
LID - 858934
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Infectious spondylodiscitis is a rare infection of the 
      intervertebral disc and the adjacent vertebral bodies that often disseminates and 
      requires long-term antibiotic therapy. Immunologic profiling of patients with 
      infectious spondylodiscitis could allow for a personalized medicine strategy. We 
      aimed to examine the induced immune response in patients with infectious 
      spondylodiscitis during and after antibiotic therapy. Furthermore, we explored 
      potential differences in the induced immune response depending on the causative 
      pathogen and the dissemination of the disease. METHODS: This was a prospective 
      observational cohort study that enrolled patients with infectious 
      spondylodiscitis between February 2018 and August 2020. A blood sample was 
      collected at baseline, after four to six weeks of antibiotic therapy (during 
      antibiotic therapy), and three to seven months after end of antibiotic therapy 
      (post-infection). The induced immune response was assessed using the standardized 
      functional immune assay TruCulture((R)). We used a panel of three immune cell 
      stimuli (lipopolysaccharide, Resiquimod and polyinosinic:polycytodylic acid) and 
      an unstimulated control. For each stimulus, the induced immune response was 
      assessed by measuring the released concentration of Interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-6, 
      IL-8, IL-10, IL-12p40, IL-17A, Interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and Tumor necrosis factor-alpha 
      (TNF-alpha) in pg/mL. RESULTS: In total, 49 patients with infectious spondylodiscitis 
      were included. The induced immune responses were generally lower than references 
      at baseline, but the cytokine release increased in patients after treatment with 
      antibiotic therapy. Post-infection, most of the released cytokine concentrations 
      were within the reference range. No significant differences in the induced immune 
      responses based on stratification according to the causative pathogen or 
      dissemination of disease were found. CONCLUSION: We found lower induced immune 
      responses in patients with infectious spondylodiscitis at baseline. However, 
      post-infection, the immune function normalized, indicating that an underlying 
      immune deficiency is not a prominent factor for spondylodiscitis. We did not find 
      evidence to support the use of induced immune responses as a tool for prediction 
      of the causative pathogen or disease dissemination, and other methods should be 
      explored to guide optimal treatment of patients with infectious spondylodiscitis.
CI  - Copyright (c) 2022 Loft, Moller, Thudium, Knudsen, Ostrowski, Andersen and Nielsen.
FAU - Loft, Josefine Amalie
AU  - Loft JA
AD  - Viro-Immunology Research Unit, Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen 
      University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.
FAU - Moller, Dina Leth
AU  - Moller DL
AD  - Viro-Immunology Research Unit, Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen 
      University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.
FAU - Thudium, Rebekka Faber
AU  - Thudium RF
AD  - Viro-Immunology Research Unit, Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen 
      University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.
FAU - Knudsen, Jenny Dahl
AU  - Knudsen JD
AD  - Department of Clinical Microbiology, Copenhagen University Hospital, 
      Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.
FAU - Ostrowski, Sisse Rye
AU  - Ostrowski SR
AD  - Department of Clinical Immunology, Copenhagen University Hospital, 
      Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.
AD  - Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, 
      University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
FAU - Andersen, Ase Bengard
AU  - Andersen AB
AD  - Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, 
      Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.
FAU - Nielsen, Susanne Dam
AU  - Nielsen SD
AD  - Viro-Immunology Research Unit, Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen 
      University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.
AD  - Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, 
      University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
AD  - Department of Surgical Gastroenterology and Transplantation, Copenhagen 
      University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Observational Study
PT  - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
DEP - 20220314
PL  - Switzerland
TA  - Front Immunol
JT  - Frontiers in immunology
JID - 101560960
RN  - 0 (Anti-Bacterial Agents)
RN  - 0 (Cytokines)
SB  - IM
MH  - Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use
MH  - *Arthritis, Infectious
MH  - Cytokines
MH  - *Discitis/drug therapy
MH  - Humans
MH  - Immunity
MH  - Prospective Studies
PMC - PMC8963848
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Staphylococcus aureus
OT  - TruCulture(R)
OT  - immune deficiency
OT  - immunologic profiling
OT  - induced immune response
OT  - spondylodiscitis
OT  - whole blood assay
COIS- SN received an unrestricted research grant from the Novo Nordic Foundation. The 
      remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any 
      commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential 
      conflict of interest.
EDAT- 2022/04/02 06:00
MHDA- 2022/04/09 06:00
PMCR- 2022/01/01
CRDT- 2022/04/01 05:15
PHST- 2022/01/20 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2022/02/21 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2022/04/01 05:15 [entrez]
PHST- 2022/04/02 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2022/04/09 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2022/01/01 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - 10.3389/fimmu.2022.858934 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - Front Immunol. 2022 Mar 14;13:858934. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.858934. eCollection 
      2022.