PMID- 35406025
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20220413
LR  - 20220429
IS  - 2072-6643 (Electronic)
IS  - 2072-6643 (Linking)
VI  - 14
IP  - 7
DP  - 2022 Mar 28
TI  - The Controversial Role of HCY and Vitamin B Deficiency in Cardiovascular 
      Diseases.
LID - 10.3390/nu14071412 [doi]
LID - 1412
AB  - Plasma homocysteine (HCY) is an established risk factor for cardiovascular 
      disease CVD and stroke. However, more than two decades of intensive research 
      activities has failed to demonstrate that Hcy lowering through B-vitamin 
      supplementation results in a reduction in CVD risk. Therefore, doubts about a 
      causal involvement of hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) and B-vitamin deficiencies in 
      atherosclerosis persist. Existing evidence indicates that HHcy increases 
      oxidative stress, causes endoplasmatic reticulum (ER) stress, alters DNA 
      methylation and, thus, modulates the expression of numerous pathogenic and 
      protective genes. Moreover, Hcy can bind directly to proteins, which can change 
      protein function and impact the intracellular redox state. As most mechanistic 
      evidence is derived from experimental studies with rather artificial settings, 
      the relevance of these results in humans remains a matter of debate. Recently, it 
      has also been proposed that HHcy and B-vitamin deficiencies may promote CVD 
      through accelerated telomere shortening and telomere dysfunction. This review 
      provides a critical overview of the existing literature regarding the role of 
      HHcy and B-vitamin deficiencies in CVD. At present, the CVD risk associated with 
      HHcy and B vitamins is not effectively actionable. Therefore, routine screening 
      for HHcy in CVD patients is of limited value. However, B-vitamin depletion is 
      rather common among the elderly, and in such cases existing deficiencies should 
      be corrected. While Hcy-lowering with high doses of B vitamins has no beneficial 
      effects in secondary CVD prevention, the role of Hcy in primary disease 
      prevention is insufficiently studied. Therefore, more intervention and 
      experimental studies are needed to address existing gaps in knowledge.
FAU - Herrmann, Wolfgang
AU  - Herrmann W
AD  - Medical School, Saarland University, 66421 Saarbrucken, Germany.
FAU - Herrmann, Markus
AU  - Herrmann M
AD  - Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical 
      University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Review
DEP - 20220328
PL  - Switzerland
TA  - Nutrients
JT  - Nutrients
JID - 101521595
RN  - 0LVT1QZ0BA (Homocysteine)
RN  - 12001-76-2 (Vitamin B Complex)
RN  - P6YC3EG204 (Vitamin B 12)
SB  - IM
MH  - Aged
MH  - *Cardiovascular Diseases/complications
MH  - Homocysteine
MH  - Humans
MH  - *Hyperhomocysteinemia
MH  - Vitamin B 12
MH  - *Vitamin B Complex/therapeutic use
MH  - *Vitamin B Deficiency/drug therapy
PMC - PMC9003430
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - B vitamins
OT  - B-vitamin supplementation
OT  - atherosclerosis
OT  - cardiovascular disease
OT  - homocysteine
OT  - telomere
OT  - telomere shortening
OT  - vascular dysfunction
COIS- The authors declare no conflict of interest.
EDAT- 2022/04/13 06:00
MHDA- 2022/04/14 06:00
PMCR- 2022/03/28
CRDT- 2022/04/12 01:02
PHST- 2022/02/18 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2022/03/21 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2022/03/24 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2022/04/12 01:02 [entrez]
PHST- 2022/04/13 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2022/04/14 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2022/03/28 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - nu14071412 [pii]
AID - nutrients-14-01412 [pii]
AID - 10.3390/nu14071412 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - Nutrients. 2022 Mar 28;14(7):1412. doi: 10.3390/nu14071412.