PMID- 35436721 OWN - NLM STAT- MEDLINE DCOM- 20220426 LR - 20221119 IS - 1873-6750 (Electronic) IS - 0160-4120 (Print) IS - 0160-4120 (Linking) VI - 163 DP - 2022 May TI - Prenatal PFAS and psychosocial stress exposures in relation to fetal growth in two pregnancy cohorts: Applying environmental mixture methods to chemical and non-chemical stressors. PG - 107238 LID - S0160-4120(22)00164-7 [pii] LID - 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107238 [doi] AB - BACKGROUND: Prenatal exposure to individual per‑ and poly‑fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and psychosocial stressors have been associated with reductions in fetal growth. Studies suggest cumulative or joint effects of chemical and non-chemical stressors on fetal growth. However, few studies have examined PFAS and non-chemical stressors together as a mixture, which better reflects real life exposure patterns. We examined joint associations between PFAS, perceived stress, and depression, and fetal growth using two approaches developed for exposure mixtures. METHODS: Pregnant participants were enrolled in the Chemicals in Our Bodies cohort and Illinois Kids Development Study, which together make up the ECHO.CA.IL cohort. Seven PFAS were previously measured in 2nd trimester maternal serum samples and were natural log transformed for analyses. Perceived stress and depression were assessed using self-reported validated questionnaires, which were converted to t-scores using validated methods. Quantile g-computation and Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) were used to assess joint associations between PFAS, perceived stress and depression t-scores and birthweight z-scores (N = 876). RESULTS: Individual PFAS, depression and perceived stress t-scores were negatively correlated with birthweight z-scores. Using quantile g-computation, a simultaneous one quartile increase in all PFAS, perceived stress and depression t-scores was associated with a slight reduction in birthweight z-scores (mean change per quartile increase = -0.09, 95% confidence interval = -0.21,0.03). BKMR similarly indicated that cumulative PFAS and stress t-scores were modestly associated with lower birthweight z-scores. Across both methods, the joint association appeared to be distributed across multiple exposures rather than due to a single exposure. CONCLUSIONS: Our study is one of the first to examine the joint effects of chemical and non-chemical stressors on fetal growth using mixture methods. We found that PFAS, perceived stress, and depression in combination were modestly associated were lower birthweight z-scores, which supports prior studies indicating that chemical and non-chemical stressors are jointly associated with adverse health outcomes. CI - Copyright (c) 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved. FAU - Eick, Stephanie M AU - Eick SM AD - Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA. Electronic address: stephanie.marie.eick@emory.edu. FAU - Enright, Elizabeth A AU - Enright EA AD - Department of Psychology, St. Mary's College of Maryland, St. Mary's City, MD, USA. FAU - Padula, Amy M AU - Padula AM AD - Program on Reproductive Health and the Environment, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. FAU - Aung, Max AU - Aung M AD - Division of Environmental Health, Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California. FAU - Geiger, Sarah D AU - Geiger SD AD - Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA. FAU - Cushing, Lara AU - Cushing L AD - Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA. FAU - Trowbridge, Jessica AU - Trowbridge J AD - Program on Reproductive Health and the Environment, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. FAU - Keil, Alexander P AU - Keil AP AD - Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA. FAU - Gee Baek, Hyoung AU - Gee Baek H AD - Environmental Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Toxic Substances Control, California Environmental Protection Agency, Berkeley, CA, USA. FAU - Smith, Sabrina AU - Smith S AD - Environmental Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Toxic Substances Control, California Environmental Protection Agency, Berkeley, CA, USA. FAU - Park, June-Soo AU - Park JS AD - Program on Reproductive Health and the Environment, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Environmental Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Toxic Substances Control, California Environmental Protection Agency, Berkeley, CA, USA. FAU - DeMicco, Erin AU - DeMicco E AD - Program on Reproductive Health and the Environment, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. FAU - Schantz, Susan L AU - Schantz SL AD - Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL USA; Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA. FAU - Woodruff, Tracey J AU - Woodruff TJ AD - Program on Reproductive Health and the Environment, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. FAU - Morello-Frosch, Rachel AU - Morello-Frosch R AD - Program on Reproductive Health and the Environment, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management and School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA. Electronic address: rmf@berkeley.edu. LA - eng GR - P30 ES010126/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/United States GR - P01 ES022841/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/United States GR - UG3 OD023272/OD/NIH HHS/United States GR - P30 ES030284/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/United States GR - P30 ES019776/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/United States GR - T32 ES007326/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/United States GR - R01 ES027051/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/United States GR - P01 ES022848/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/United States GR - UH3 OD023272/OD/NIH HHS/United States PT - Journal Article PT - Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural PT - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't DEP - 20220409 PL - Netherlands TA - Environ Int JT - Environment international JID - 7807270 RN - 0 (Environmental Pollutants) RN - 0 (Fluorocarbons) RN - 0 (Vitamins) SB - IM MH - Bayes Theorem MH - Birth Weight MH - *Environmental Pollutants MH - Female MH - Fetal Development MH - *Fluorocarbons/toxicity MH - Humans MH - Pregnancy MH - *Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects/chemically induced MH - Stress, Psychological MH - Vitamins PMC - PMC9202828 MID - NIHMS1814871 OTO - NOTNLM OT - Mixtures OT - Per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances OT - Pregnancy OT - Stress COIS- Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. EDAT- 2022/04/19 06:00 MHDA- 2022/04/27 06:00 PMCR- 2022/06/16 CRDT- 2022/04/18 20:09 PHST- 2021/11/16 00:00 [received] PHST- 2022/04/01 00:00 [revised] PHST- 2022/04/07 00:00 [accepted] PHST- 2022/04/19 06:00 [pubmed] PHST- 2022/04/27 06:00 [medline] PHST- 2022/04/18 20:09 [entrez] PHST- 2022/06/16 00:00 [pmc-release] AID - S0160-4120(22)00164-7 [pii] AID - 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107238 [doi] PST - ppublish SO - Environ Int. 2022 May;163:107238. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107238. Epub 2022 Apr 9.