PMID- 35480037
OWN - NLM
STAT- PubMed-not-MEDLINE
LR  - 20220716
IS  - 1664-042X (Print)
IS  - 1664-042X (Electronic)
IS  - 1664-042X (Linking)
VI  - 13
DP  - 2022
TI  - Static Stretch Increases the Pro-Inflammatory Response of Rat Type 2 Alveolar 
      Epithelial Cells to Dynamic Stretch.
PG  - 838834
LID - 10.3389/fphys.2022.838834 [doi]
LID - 838834
AB  - Background: Mechanical ventilation (MV) inflicts stress on the lungs, initiating 
      or increasing lung inflammation, so-called ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI). 
      Besides overdistention, cyclic opening-and-closing of alveoli (atelectrauma) is 
      recognized as a potential mechanism of VILI. The dynamic stretch may be reduced 
      by positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP), which in turn increases the static 
      stretch. We investigated whether static stretch modulates the inflammatory 
      response of rat type 2 alveolar epithelial cells (AECs) at different levels of 
      dynamic stretch and hypothesized that static stretch increases pro-inflammatory 
      response of AECs at given dynamic stretch. Methods: AECs, stimulated and not 
      stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), were subjected to combinations of 
      static (10, 20, and 30%) and dynamic stretch (15, 20, and 30%), for 1 and 4 h. 
      Non-stretched AECs served as control. The gene expression and secreted protein 
      levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), and 
      macrophage inflammatory protein 2 (MIP-2) were studied by real-time polymerase 
      chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), 
      respectively. The effects of static and dynamic stretch were assessed by 
      two-factorial ANOVA with planned effects post-hoc comparison according to Sidak. 
      Statistical significance was considered for p < 0.05. Results: In LPS-stimulated, 
      but not in non-stimulated rat type 2 AECs, compared to non-stretched cells: 1) 
      dynamic stretch increased the expression of amphiregulin (AREG) (p < 0.05), MCP-1 
      (p < 0.001), and MIP-2 (<0.05), respectively, as well as the protein secretion of 
      IL-6 (p < 0.001) and MCP-1 (p < 0.05); 2) static stretch increased the gene 
      expression of MCP-1 (p < 0.001) and MIP-2, but not AREG, and resulted in higher 
      secretion of IL-6 (p < 0.001), but not MCP-1, while MIP-2 was not detectable in 
      the medium. Conclusion: In rat type 2 AECs stimulated with LPS, static stretch 
      increased the pro-inflammatory response to dynamic stretch, suggesting a 
      potential pro-inflammatory effect of PEEP during mechanical ventilation at the 
      cellular level.
CI  - Copyright (c) 2022 Ferreira, Huhle, Muller, Schnabel, Mehner, Koch and Gama de 
      Abreu.
FAU - Ferreira, Jorge M C
AU  - Ferreira JMC
AD  - Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Pulmonary Engineering 
      Group, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus Dresden at Technische Universitat 
      Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
FAU - Huhle, Robert
AU  - Huhle R
AD  - Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Pulmonary Engineering 
      Group, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus Dresden at Technische Universitat 
      Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
FAU - Muller, Sabine
AU  - Muller S
AD  - Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Pulmonary Engineering 
      Group, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus Dresden at Technische Universitat 
      Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
FAU - Schnabel, Christian
AU  - Schnabel C
AD  - Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Clinical Sensoring and 
      Monitoring Group, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus Dresden at Technische 
      Universitat Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
FAU - Mehner, Mirko
AU  - Mehner M
AD  - Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Clinical Sensoring and 
      Monitoring Group, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus Dresden at Technische 
      Universitat Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
FAU - Koch, Thea
AU  - Koch T
AD  - Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Pulmonary Engineering 
      Group, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus Dresden at Technische Universitat 
      Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
FAU - Gama de Abreu, Marcelo
AU  - Gama de Abreu M
AD  - Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Pulmonary Engineering 
      Group, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus Dresden at Technische Universitat 
      Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
AD  - Department of Intensive Care and Resuscitation, Anesthesiology Institute, 
      Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States.
AD  - Department of Outcomes Research, Anesthesiology Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 
      Cleveland, OH, United States.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20220411
PL  - Switzerland
TA  - Front Physiol
JT  - Frontiers in physiology
JID - 101549006
PMC - PMC9035495
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - VILI
OT  - alveolar epithelial cells type 2
OT  - dynamic stretch
OT  - inflammation
OT  - modulation
OT  - static stretch
COIS- The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any 
      commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential 
      conflict of interest.
EDAT- 2022/04/29 06:00
MHDA- 2022/04/29 06:01
PMCR- 2022/04/11
CRDT- 2022/04/28 06:25
PHST- 2021/12/18 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2022/03/28 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2022/04/28 06:25 [entrez]
PHST- 2022/04/29 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2022/04/29 06:01 [medline]
PHST- 2022/04/11 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - 838834 [pii]
AID - 10.3389/fphys.2022.838834 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - Front Physiol. 2022 Apr 11;13:838834. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2022.838834. eCollection 
      2022.