PMID- 35487983
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20220608
LR  - 20220716
IS  - 1432-2072 (Electronic)
IS  - 0033-3158 (Print)
IS  - 0033-3158 (Linking)
VI  - 239
IP  - 6
DP  - 2022 Jun
TI  - The use patterns of novel psychedelics: experiential fingerprints of substituted 
      phenethylamines, tryptamines and lysergamides.
PG  - 1783-1796
LID - 10.1007/s00213-022-06142-4 [doi]
AB  - BACKGROUND: Novel psychedelics (NPs) are an expanding set of compounds, 
      presenting new challenges for drug policy and opportunities for clinical 
      research. Unlike their classical derivatives, little is known regarding their use 
      profiles or their subjective effects. AIMS: The purpose of this study was to 
      compile usage patterns and adverse event rates for individual NPs belonging to 
      each of three main psychedelic structural families. Targeting the most widely 
      used representatives for each class, we expanded on their phenomenological 
      distinctions. METHODS: A two-part survey was employed. We investigated the 
      prevalence of novel phenethylamines, tryptamine and lysergamides in NP users 
      (N = 1180), contrasting the type and incidence of adverse events (AEs) using a 
      set of logistic regressions. Honing in on 
      2-4-Bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)ethanamine (2C-B) (48.6%), 1-propionyl-lysergic 
      acid diethylamide (1P-LSD) (34.2%) and 4-Acetoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine 
      (4-AcO-DMT) (23.1%), we examined their phenomenological separability using a 
      gradient boosting (XGBoost) supervised classifier. RESULTS: Novel phenethylamines 
      had the highest prevalence of use (61.5%) seconded by tryptamines (43.8%) and 
      lysergamides (42.9%). Usage patterns were identified for 32 different compounds, 
      demonstrating variable dosages, durations and a common oral route of 
      administration. Compared to phenethylamines, the odds for tryptamines and 
      lysergamides users were significantly less for overall physical AEs. No 
      significant differences in overall psychological AEs were found. Overall model 
      area under the curve (AUC) stood at 0.79 with sensitivity (50.0%) and specificity 
      (60.0%) for 2C-B ranking lowest. CONCLUSION: NP classes may hold distinct AE 
      rates and phenomenology, the latter potentially clouded by the subjective nature 
      of these experiences. Further targeted research is warranted.
CI  - (c) 2022. The Author(s).
FAU - Mallaroni, P
AU  - Mallaroni P
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-0959-2837
AD  - Department of Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology and 
      Neuroscience, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200, MD, Maastricht, the 
      Netherlands. p.mallaroni@maastrichtuniversity.nl.
FAU - Mason, N L
AU  - Mason NL
AD  - Department of Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology and 
      Neuroscience, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200, MD, Maastricht, the 
      Netherlands.
FAU - Vinckenbosch, F R J
AU  - Vinckenbosch FRJ
AD  - Department of Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology and 
      Neuroscience, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200, MD, Maastricht, the 
      Netherlands.
FAU - Ramaekers, J G
AU  - Ramaekers JG
AD  - Department of Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology and 
      Neuroscience, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200, MD, Maastricht, the 
      Netherlands. j.ramaekers@maastrichtuniversity.nl.
LA  - eng
GR  - 406.18.GO.019/Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek/
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20220430
PL  - Germany
TA  - Psychopharmacology (Berl)
JT  - Psychopharmacology
JID - 7608025
RN  - 0 (Hallucinogens)
RN  - 0 (Phenethylamines)
RN  - 0 (Tryptamines)
RN  - 073830XH10 (lysergamide)
RN  - 8NA5SWF92O (Lysergic Acid Diethylamide)
SB  - IM
MH  - *Hallucinogens/chemistry/pharmacology
MH  - Humans
MH  - Lysergic Acid Diethylamide/analogs & derivatives
MH  - Phenethylamines
MH  - Tryptamines
PMC - PMC9166850
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - 1-propionyl-lysergic acid diethylamide (1P-LSD)
OT  - 2-4-Bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)ethanamine (2C-B)
OT  - 4-Acetoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (4-AcO-DMT)
OT  - Hallucinogen
OT  - Lysergamide
OT  - Novel psychoactive substance
OT  - Phenylethylamine
OT  - Psychedelic
OT  - Tryptamine
COIS- The authors declare no competing interests.
EDAT- 2022/04/30 06:00
MHDA- 2022/06/09 06:00
PMCR- 2022/04/30
CRDT- 2022/04/29 23:20
PHST- 2021/09/29 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2022/04/06 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2022/04/30 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2022/06/09 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2022/04/29 23:20 [entrez]
PHST- 2022/04/30 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - 10.1007/s00213-022-06142-4 [pii]
AID - 6142 [pii]
AID - 10.1007/s00213-022-06142-4 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2022 Jun;239(6):1783-1796. doi: 
      10.1007/s00213-022-06142-4. Epub 2022 Apr 30.