PMID- 35496397
OWN - NLM
STAT- PubMed-not-MEDLINE
LR  - 20220716
IS  - 2046-2069 (Electronic)
IS  - 2046-2069 (Linking)
VI  - 11
IP  - 59
DP  - 2021 Nov 17
TI  - A TiO(2) composite with graphitic carbon nitride as a photocatalyst for biodiesel 
      production from waste cooking oil.
PG  - 37575-37583
LID - 10.1039/d1ra07796a [doi]
AB  - Semiconductor-based photocatalysts have attracted a lot of interest due to their 
      environmental friendliness and high stability. Waste cooking oil can be converted 
      to biodiesel by the process of transesterification. A TiO(2)/g-C(3)N(4) 
      combination was prepared by using a wet impregnation process. The photocatalyst 
      was analyzed by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), 
      Energy Dispersive X-Ray spectroscopy (EDX), Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and 
      Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-vis). For effective transesterification, WCO 
      was collected and acid-esterified to reduce the FFA concentration (below 3%). For 
      the transesterification reaction, esterified WCO was used and the reactions were 
      carried out under solar irradiation at 60  degrees C with an oil to methanol ratio of 
      1 : 9 and stirred for 1 hour, using different TiO(2)/g-C(3)N(4) catalysts (10, 20 
      & 30%) with different catalyst concentrations of 1%, 2% and 3%. The results 
      showed that TiO(2)/20% g-C(3)N(4) with 2% catalyst concentration gives the 
      highest yield of biodiesel production (89.5%) as compared to other catalyst 
      concentrations used. In addition to (FTIR), additional fuel characteristics such 
      as density, viscosity, flashpoint, acid value, and pH were tested to determine 
      the quality of the generated biodiesel and were found to comply with fuel 
      standards. With high stability and good catalytic activity, the synthesized 
      composite TiO(2)/g-C(3)N(4) is a viable option for producing biodiesel from WCO.
CI  - This journal is (c) The Royal Society of Chemistry.
FAU - Khan, Mahrukh
AU  - Khan M
AD  - Earth and Environmental Sciences, Bahria University Islamabad 44000 Pakistan 
      naseem@uspcase.nust.edu.pk +925190855281.
FAU - Farah, Humera
AU  - Farah H
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-2702-7305
AD  - Earth and Environmental Sciences, Bahria University Islamabad 44000 Pakistan 
      naseem@uspcase.nust.edu.pk +925190855281.
FAU - Iqbal, Naseem
AU  - Iqbal N
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0001-6916-4765
AD  - U.S.-Pakistan Center for Advanced Studies in Energy (USPCAS-E), National 
      University of Sciences and Technology (NUST) Islamabad 44000 Pakistan.
FAU - Noor, Tayyaba
AU  - Noor T
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-6689-6837
AD  - School of Chemical and Materials Engineering (SCME), National University of 
      Sciences and Technology Islamabad Pakistan.
FAU - Amjad, M Zain Bin
AU  - Amjad MZB
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0001-7666-3773
AD  - U.S.-Pakistan Center for Advanced Studies in Energy (USPCAS-E), National 
      University of Sciences and Technology (NUST) Islamabad 44000 Pakistan.
FAU - Ejaz Bukhari, Syeda Sidrah
AU  - Ejaz Bukhari SS
AD  - Earth and Environmental Sciences, Bahria University Islamabad 44000 Pakistan 
      naseem@uspcase.nust.edu.pk +925190855281.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20211123
PL  - England
TA  - RSC Adv
JT  - RSC advances
JID - 101581657
PMC - PMC9043783
COIS- There are no conflicts to declare.
EDAT- 2022/05/03 06:00
MHDA- 2022/05/03 06:01
PMCR- 2021/11/23
CRDT- 2022/05/02 06:50
PHST- 2021/10/22 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2021/11/16 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2022/05/02 06:50 [entrez]
PHST- 2022/05/03 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2022/05/03 06:01 [medline]
PHST- 2021/11/23 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - d1ra07796a [pii]
AID - 10.1039/d1ra07796a [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - RSC Adv. 2021 Nov 23;11(59):37575-37583. doi: 10.1039/d1ra07796a. eCollection 
      2021 Nov 17.