PMID- 35519703
OWN - NLM
STAT- PubMed-not-MEDLINE
LR  - 20220716
IS  - 2046-2069 (Electronic)
IS  - 2046-2069 (Linking)
VI  - 10
IP  - 71
DP  - 2020 Nov 27
TI  - In vitro kinetic release study, antimicrobial activity and in vivo toxicity 
      profile of a kojic acid ester-based nanoemulsion for topical application.
PG  - 43894-43903
LID - 10.1039/d0ra04807k [doi]
AB  - Nanoemulsions have emerged as novel vehicles for drug delivery that allow 
      sustained or controlled release for topical application. In this study, kojic 
      acid ester-based nanoemulsion (KAE-NA) was analyzed for in vitro permeation 
      evaluation, kinetic release study, in vitro antimicrobial activity and in vivo 
      toxicity profile on embryonic zebrafish (Danio rerio). Based on KAE-NA in vitro 
      permeation evaluation, the percentage of permeation was significantly improved 
      from 4.94% at 1 h to 59.64% at 8 h of application. The permeation rate of KAE-NA 
      at 8 h was 4659.50 mug cm(-2) h(-1) (initial concentration, C (0) = 2000 mug 
      mL(-1)) with a permeability coefficient (K (p)) value of 0.48 cm h(-1). The 
      kinetic release analysis showed the Korsmeyer-Peppas model was the best fitted 
      kinetic model with high linearity [R (2) = 0.9964]. Antimicrobial activity of 
      KAE-NA was studied against the skin pathogen bacteria Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 
      43300. The results indicated that the inhibition zone size of the KAE-NA (8.00 +/- 
      0.0 mm) was slightly bigger than that of its active ingredient, kojic acid ester 
      (6.5 +/- 0.0 mm). The toxicity profile of KAE-NA on embryonic zebrafish revealed 
      less toxicity with LC(50) (50% lethal concentration) more than 500 mug mL(-1). The 
      survival rate of the embryonic zebrafish was more than 80% when treated at doses 
      ranging from 7.81-250 mug mL(-1) and showed normal development throughout the 
      experiment without any observed deformation. Hence, KAE-NA proved to be less 
      toxic on the embryonic zebrafish.
CI  - This journal is (c) The Royal Society of Chemistry.
FAU - Syed Azhar, Sharifah Nurfadhlin Afifah
AU  - Syed Azhar SNA
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0001-7027-120X
AD  - Integrated Chemical BioPhysics Research Centre, Faculty of Science, Universiti 
      Putra Malaysia 43400 UPM Serdang Selangor Malaysia ctefliza@upm.edu.my.
FAU - Ashari, Siti Efliza
AU  - Ashari SE
AD  - Integrated Chemical BioPhysics Research Centre, Faculty of Science, Universiti 
      Putra Malaysia 43400 UPM Serdang Selangor Malaysia ctefliza@upm.edu.my.
AD  - Centre of Foundation Studies for Agricultural Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia 
      43400 UPM, Serdang Selangor Malaysia.
FAU - Ahmad, Syahida
AU  - Ahmad S
AD  - Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, 
      Universiti Putra Malaysia 43400 UPM Serdang Selangor Malaysia.
FAU - Salim, Norazlinaliza
AU  - Salim N
AD  - Integrated Chemical BioPhysics Research Centre, Faculty of Science, Universiti 
      Putra Malaysia 43400 UPM Serdang Selangor Malaysia ctefliza@upm.edu.my.
AD  - Centre of Foundation Studies for Agricultural Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia 
      43400 UPM, Serdang Selangor Malaysia.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20201209
PL  - England
TA  - RSC Adv
JT  - RSC advances
JID - 101581657
PMC - PMC9058481
COIS- There are no conflicts to declare.
EDAT- 2020/12/09 00:00
MHDA- 2020/12/09 00:01
PMCR- 2020/12/09
CRDT- 2022/05/06 06:07
PHST- 2020/05/31 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2020/11/09 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2022/05/06 06:07 [entrez]
PHST- 2020/12/09 00:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2020/12/09 00:01 [medline]
PHST- 2020/12/09 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - d0ra04807k [pii]
AID - 10.1039/d0ra04807k [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - RSC Adv. 2020 Dec 9;10(71):43894-43903. doi: 10.1039/d0ra04807k. eCollection 2020 
      Nov 27.