PMID- 35531250 OWN - NLM STAT- PubMed-not-MEDLINE LR - 20220716 IS - 1319-562X (Print) IS - 2213-7106 (Electronic) IS - 2213-7106 (Linking) VI - 29 IP - 4 DP - 2022 Apr TI - Aqueous Ajwa dates seeds extract improves memory impairment in type-2 diabetes mellitus rats by reducing blood glucose levels and enhancing brain cholinergic transmission. PG - 2738-2748 LID - 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.12.060 [doi] AB - Diabetes is a metabolic disorder prevalent across the globe and is known to cause brain dysfunction, especially memory and cognitive decline. The current study investigates the effect of aqueous Ajwa seeds extract (AASE) on type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)-induced memory deficits using a rat model. T2DM was induced by an administration of nicotinamide (120 mg/kg, i.p.) and streptozotocin (STZ) (60 mg/kg, i.p.). AASE (200 and 400 mg/kg, p.o.) were treated to T2DM rats for 30 days and the results were compared with the metformin (200 mg/kg). Elevated plus maze (EPM), Y-maze, and novel object recognition (NOR) tests were performed to assess the memory functions. The blood glucose and plasma insulin levels were estimated to assess the anti-diabetic effects of AASE. Acetylcholine (ACh) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) levels were estimated from brain homogenates to assess cholinergic transmission. Treatment with AASE resulted in the reversal of behavioral deficits. EPM showed, a significant reduction in transfer latency (TL) among T2DM rats. High exploration time with a novel object and improvement in discrimination index were observed among treated groups during the NOR test. The Y-Maze test improved the entries and also time spent in the novel arm. Moreover, treatment of AASE reversed hyperglycemic and enhanced plasma insulin levels (200 mg/kg: 3.81 +/- 0.08 ng/ml and 400 mg/kg: 4.09 +/- 0.10 ng/ml) among T2DM rats (2.81 +/- 0.15 ng/ml). Improved ACh levels (200 mg/kg: 186.6 +/- 9.51 pg/mg protein and 400 mg/kg: 165.5 +/- 9.25 pg/mg protein) and reduced AChE levels (200 mg/kg: 0.29 +/- 0.02 ng/mg protein and 400 mg/kg: 0.32 +/- 0.03 ng/mg protein) were also noted in the brain of AASE treated groups as referred to diabetic group (ACh: 107.1 +/- 7.16 pg/mg protein and AChE: 0.51 +/- 0.03 ng/mg protein). The above results were found to be comparable with the metformin-treated groups. From the results, it can be concluded that AASE has the potential to improve T2DM associated cognitive deficits. CI - (c) 2021 The Author(s). FAU - Mani, Vasudevan AU - Mani V AD - Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraydah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. FAU - Arfeen, Minhajul AU - Arfeen M AD - Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraydah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. FAU - Sajid, Sultan AU - Sajid S AD - Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraydah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. FAU - Almogbel, Yasser AU - Almogbel Y AD - Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraydah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. LA - eng PT - Journal Article DEP - 20220103 PL - Saudi Arabia TA - Saudi J Biol Sci JT - Saudi journal of biological sciences JID - 101543796 PMC - PMC9072939 OTO - NOTNLM OT - Acetylcholine OT - Ajwa seeds OT - Insulin OT - Memory deficits OT - Type 2 diabetes COIS- The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. EDAT- 2022/05/10 06:00 MHDA- 2022/05/10 06:01 PMCR- 2022/01/03 CRDT- 2022/05/09 04:31 PHST- 2021/10/09 00:00 [received] PHST- 2021/12/15 00:00 [revised] PHST- 2021/12/28 00:00 [accepted] PHST- 2022/05/09 04:31 [entrez] PHST- 2022/05/10 06:00 [pubmed] PHST- 2022/05/10 06:01 [medline] PHST- 2022/01/03 00:00 [pmc-release] AID - S1319-562X(21)01102-5 [pii] AID - 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.12.060 [doi] PST - ppublish SO - Saudi J Biol Sci. 2022 Apr;29(4):2738-2748. doi: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.12.060. Epub 2022 Jan 3.