PMID- 35559816
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20220519
LR  - 20220607
IS  - 2452-0748 (Electronic)
IS  - 2452-0748 (Linking)
VI  - 24
DP  - 2021 Oct
TI  - Release of carbon nanotubes during combustion of polymer nanocomposites in a 
      pilot-scale facility for waste incineration.
PG  - 100357
LID - S2452-0748(21)00066-5 [pii]
LID - 10.1016/j.impact.2021.100357 [doi]
AB  - Nanocomposites, formed by incorporating nanoparticles into a matrix of standard 
      materials, are increasing on the market. Little focus has been directed towards 
      safe disposal and recycling of these new materials even though the disposal has 
      been identified as a phase of the products' life cycle with a high risk of 
      uncontrolled emissions of nanomaterials. In this study, we investigate if the 
      carbon nanotubes (CNTs), when used as a filler in two types of polymers, are 
      fully destructed in a pilot-scale combustion unit designed to mimic the 
      combustion under waste incineration. The two polymer nanocomposites studied, 
      polycarbonate (PC) with CNT and high-density polyethylene (HDPE) with CNT, were 
      incinerated at two temperatures where the lower temperature just about fulfilled 
      the European waste incineration directive while the upper was chosen to be on the 
      safe side of fulfilling the directive. Particles in the flue gas were sampled and 
      analysed with online and offline instrumentation along with samples of the bottom 
      ash. CNTs could be identified in the flue gas in all experiments, although 
      present to a greater extent when the CNTs were introduced in PC as compared to in 
      HDPE. In the case of using PC as polymer matrix, CNTs were identified in 3-10% of 
      the analysed SEM images while for HDPE in only ~0.5% of the images. In the case 
      of PC, the presence of CNTs decreased with increasing bed temperature (from 10% 
      to 3% of the images). The CNTs identified were always in bundles, often coated 
      with remnants of the polymer, forming particles of ~1-4 mum in diameter. No CNTs 
      were identified in the bottom ash, likely explained by the difference in time 
      when the bottom ash and fly ash are exposed to high temperatures (~hours compared 
      to seconds) in the pilot facility. The results suggest that the residence time of 
      the fly ash in the combustion zone is not long enough to allow full oxidation of 
      the CNTs. Thus, the current regulation on waste incineration (requiring a 
      residence time of the flue gas >850  degrees C during at least 2 s) may not be enough to 
      obtain complete destruction of CNTs in polymer composites. Since several types of 
      CNTs are known to be toxic, we stress the need for further investigation of the 
      fate and toxicity of CNTs in waste treatment processes.
CI  - Copyright (c) 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
FAU - Janhall, Sara
AU  - Janhall S
AD  - RISE - Research Institutes of Sweden, Box 857, SE-501 15 Boras, Sweden. 
      Electronic address: sara.janhall@ri.se.
FAU - Petersson, Mikaela
AU  - Petersson M
AD  - Solid State Physics, Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Lund University, 
      Box 188, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden.
FAU - Davidsson, Kent
AU  - Davidsson K
AD  - RISE - Research Institutes of Sweden, Box 857, SE-501 15 Boras, Sweden.
FAU - Oman, Tommy
AU  - Oman T
AD  - RISE - Research Institutes of Sweden, Box 857, SE-501 15 Boras, Sweden.
FAU - Sommertune, Jens
AU  - Sommertune J
AD  - RISE - Research Institutes of Sweden, Box 857, SE-501 15 Boras, Sweden.
FAU - Karedal, Monica
AU  - Karedal M
AD  - Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, 
      Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Box 188, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden; NanoLund, 
      Lund University, Box 188, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden.
FAU - Messing, Maria E
AU  - Messing ME
AD  - Solid State Physics, Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Lund University, 
      Box 188, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden; NanoLund, Lund University, Box 188, SE-221 00 
      Lund, Sweden.
FAU - Rissler, Jenny
AU  - Rissler J
AD  - RISE - Research Institutes of Sweden, Box 857, SE-501 15 Boras, Sweden; NanoLund, 
      Lund University, Box 188, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden; Ergonomics and Aerosol 
      Technology, Faculty of Engineering, Lund University, Box 118, SE-221 00 Lund, 
      Sweden. Electronic address: jenny.rissler@ri.se.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
DEP - 20210911
PL  - Netherlands
TA  - NanoImpact
JT  - NanoImpact
JID - 101676795
RN  - 0 (Carbonates)
RN  - 0 (Coal Ash)
RN  - 0 (Nanotubes, Carbon)
RN  - 0 (Polymers)
RN  - 9002-88-4 (Polyethylene)
SB  - IM
MH  - Carbonates
MH  - Coal Ash/analysis
MH  - Incineration
MH  - *Nanocomposites
MH  - *Nanotubes, Carbon
MH  - Polyethylene/analysis
MH  - Polymers
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - CNT
OT  - Fly ash
OT  - Nanocomposites
OT  - Particle
OT  - Polymer
OT  - Waste incineration
EDAT- 2022/05/14 06:00
MHDA- 2022/05/20 06:00
CRDT- 2022/05/13 18:41
PHST- 2021/05/28 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2021/08/23 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2021/09/07 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2022/05/13 18:41 [entrez]
PHST- 2022/05/14 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2022/05/20 06:00 [medline]
AID - S2452-0748(21)00066-5 [pii]
AID - 10.1016/j.impact.2021.100357 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - NanoImpact. 2021 Oct;24:100357. doi: 10.1016/j.impact.2021.100357. Epub 2021 Sep 
      11.