PMID- 35567934
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20220712
LR  - 20220712
IS  - 1872-9800 (Electronic)
IS  - 0969-8043 (Linking)
VI  - 186
DP  - 2022 Aug
TI  - Direct rapid quality assurance analysis of complex matrix materials: A 
      chemometrics enabled energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence and scattering 
      spectrometry application.
PG  - 110274
LID - S0969-8043(22)00169-5 [pii]
LID - 10.1016/j.apradiso.2022.110274 [doi]
AB  - Compared to energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) that is limited to 
      analysis of elements (Z >/= 13) via fluorescence and which is hardly direct, energy 
      dispersive X-ray fluorescence and scattering (EDXRFS) spectrometry exploits 
      additionally, scatter radiation to quantify both low- and heavy-Z elements as 
      well as predict various material properties. The goal of this work was to 
      demonstrate proof-of-concept for chemometrics-enabled EDXRFS spectrometry 
      utilizing a weak sample excitation source towards rapid quality assurance (QA) 
      analysis of complex matrix materials. A(109)Cd source was used to analyse three 
      types of polymer powders - polypropylene (PP), low density polyethene (LDPE) and 
      high density polyethene (HDPE) moulded as  approximately  2.5 g (slashed circle = 2.5 cm) pellets; and both 
      actual as well as simulate lubricating oils spiked with trace additive metals B, 
      Na, Ca, Mg, Fe and Zn and subjected to thermal degradation between 100  degrees C and 
      400  degrees C for 24 h. EDXRFS combined with principal components analysis (PCA) and 
      soft independent modelling of class analogy (SIMCA) accurately identified 
      polypropylene as well as differentiated it from both low density polyethene 
      (LDPE) and high density polyethene (HDPE). LDPE and HDPE were fairly 
      discriminated on the basis of density. In the second application partial least 
      squares (PLS) modelling successfully determined the viscosity of lubricating oils 
      utilizing the combination of the scatter peak and the Zn fluorescence signature, 
      as well as correlated the lubricating oils viscosity to their thermal 
      degradation. The reported method is applicable in industrial quality assurance 
      due to its non-destructivity and speed.
CI  - Copyright (c) 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
FAU - Angeyo, H K
AU  - Angeyo HK
AD  - Department of Physics, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 30197-00100, Nairobi, 
      Kenya. Electronic address: hkalambuka@uonbi.ac.ke.
FAU - Gari, S
AU  - Gari S
AD  - Department of Physics, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 30197-00100, Nairobi, 
      Kenya.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20220507
PL  - England
TA  - Appl Radiat Isot
JT  - Applied radiation and isotopes : including data, instrumentation and methods for 
      use in agriculture, industry and medicine
JID - 9306253
RN  - 0 (Oils)
RN  - 0 (Polypropylenes)
RN  - 0 (Trace Elements)
RN  - 9002-88-4 (Polyethylene)
SB  - IM
MH  - Chemometrics
MH  - Oils
MH  - *Polyethylene
MH  - Polypropylenes
MH  - Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission/methods
MH  - *Trace Elements/analysis
MH  - X-Rays
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Chemometrics
OT  - EDXRFS
OT  - Lubricating oils
OT  - Polymers
OT  - Quality assurance (QA)
EDAT- 2022/05/15 06:00
MHDA- 2022/07/14 06:00
CRDT- 2022/05/14 18:22
PHST- 2021/12/22 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2022/04/13 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2022/05/03 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2022/05/15 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2022/07/14 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2022/05/14 18:22 [entrez]
AID - S0969-8043(22)00169-5 [pii]
AID - 10.1016/j.apradiso.2022.110274 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Appl Radiat Isot. 2022 Aug;186:110274. doi: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2022.110274. Epub 
      2022 May 7.