PMID- 35580642
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20220628
LR  - 20221217
IS  - 1879-1298 (Electronic)
IS  - 0045-6535 (Print)
IS  - 0045-6535 (Linking)
VI  - 303
IP  - Pt 1
DP  - 2022 Sep
TI  - Ultraviolet-coupled advanced oxidation processes for anti-COVID-19 drugs 
      treatment: Degradation mechanisms, transformation products and toxicity 
      evolution.
PG  - 134968
LID - S0045-6535(22)01461-8 [pii]
LID - 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134968 [doi]
AB  - Remdesivir (RDV), dexamethasone (DEX) and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) were widely 
      used in the treatment of COVID-19 pneumonia, possibly causing environmental risks 
      and drug-resistance viruses. This study elucidated the degradation mechanisms and 
      potential toxicity risks of the three anti-COVID-19 drugs by UV and 
      ultraviolet-coupled advanced oxidation processes (UV/AOPs). All the drugs could 
      be degraded by more than 98% within 3 min under the following optimal conditions: 
      pH of 5.0 and drug-to-oxidant (H(2)O(2)) molar ratio of 1:200. Combined with 
      density functional theory (DFT) analysis and high-performance liquid 
      chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (HPLC-QTOF-MS), 
      twenty-four transformation products (TPs) were detected and the main degradation 
      pathways were investigated. Based on bacterial luminescence inhibition test and 
      the peak-area evolution of TPs, RDV and HCQ showed an obvious toxicity-increase 
      region when TPs were generated in large quantities, while the toxicity of DEX 
      continued to decline during degradation processes. By QSAR predictions, the main 
      contributors to the toxicity evolution during the UV/AOPs were predicted. 
      Halogen-containing TPs showed significantly higher toxicity than other TPs, and 
      thus the chlorine-containing structure in HCQ presented the potential toxicity. 
      Appropriate reaction parameters and adequate reaction time for the UV/AOPs could 
      eliminate the toxicity of TPs and ensure environmental safety. This study could 
      play a positive role in the treatment of anti-COVID-19 drugs and their 
      environmental hazard assessment.
CI  - Copyright (c) 2022. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
FAU - Huang, Tenghao
AU  - Huang T
AD  - School of Environment, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and 
      Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China. Electronic address: 
      876300660@qq.com.
FAU - Guo, Junjie
AU  - Guo J
AD  - School of Environment, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and 
      Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China. Electronic address: 
      1127224336@qq.com.
FAU - Lu, Gang
AU  - Lu G
AD  - School of Environment, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and 
      Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China. Electronic address: 
      tlugang@jnu.edu.cn.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20220514
PL  - England
TA  - Chemosphere
JT  - Chemosphere
JID - 0320657
RN  - 0 (Water Pollutants, Chemical)
RN  - BBX060AN9V (Hydrogen Peroxide)
SB  - IM
MH  - *COVID-19
MH  - Humans
MH  - Hydrogen Peroxide/chemistry
MH  - Mass Spectrometry
MH  - Oxidation-Reduction
MH  - Ultraviolet Rays
MH  - *Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis
MH  - *Water Purification/methods
PMC - PMC9107282
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Anti-COVID-19 drugs
OT  - Intermediates analysis
OT  - Luminescent bacterial test
OT  - Remdesivir
OT  - UV/AOPs
COIS- The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or 
      personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in 
      this paper.
EDAT- 2022/05/18 06:00
MHDA- 2022/06/29 06:00
PMCR- 2022/05/14
CRDT- 2022/05/17 19:22
PHST- 2022/03/10 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2022/05/06 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2022/05/11 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2022/05/18 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2022/06/29 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2022/05/17 19:22 [entrez]
PHST- 2022/05/14 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - S0045-6535(22)01461-8 [pii]
AID - 134968 [pii]
AID - 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134968 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Chemosphere. 2022 Sep;303(Pt 1):134968. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134968. 
      Epub 2022 May 14.