PMID- 35586751
OWN - NLM
STAT- PubMed-not-MEDLINE
LR  - 20220716
IS  - 1178-7031 (Print)
IS  - 1178-7031 (Electronic)
IS  - 1178-7031 (Linking)
VI  - 15
DP  - 2022
TI  - Lenalidomide Improves Cognitive Function and Reduces Immune Reconstitution 
      Inflammatory Syndrome in HIV-1-Related Cryptococcal Meningitis.
PG  - 2891-2899
LID - 10.2147/JIR.S353463 [doi]
AB  - Cryptococcal meningitis (CM) is a common opportunistic infection in patients with 
      acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Although there is a standardized treatment 
      for CM, some patients still have CM-associated immune reconstitution inflammatory 
      syndrome (IRIS) after anti-cryptococcal and antiretroviral therapy, which 
      manifests as cognitive impairment. We report two cases of CM-associated IRIS in 
      human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) patients that were treated with lenalidomide. 
      The treatment yielded a rapid clinical remission and improved cognitive function 
      in both patients; their Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) and International 
      HIV Dementia Scale (IHDS) scores improved. Furthermore, we evaluated changes in 
      32 cytokines in the cerebrospinal fluid of two patients and found that both MoCA 
      and IHDS were significantly negatively correlated with inflammation-related 
      factors (growth-related oncogene, interleukin [IL]-10, IL-2, IL-8, macrophage 
      inflammatory protein-1beta, tumor necrosis factor [TNF]-alpha) and significantly 
      positively correlated with dementia-related factors (alphabeta42 and total tau). Our 
      study reveals the potential of lenalidomide in treating cognitive impairment 
      caused by immune-mediated inflammation in patients with HIV-CM. Moreover, we 
      speculate that lenalidomide improves cognitive function by regulating 
      intracranial inflammation via multiple pathways, not only by TNF-alpha blocking.
CI  - (c) 2022 Tao et al.
FAU - Tao, Ran
AU  - Tao R
AD  - The Department of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and 
      Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for 
      Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment 
      of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, 
      Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China.
FAU - Peng, Xiaorong
AU  - Peng X
AD  - The Department of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and 
      Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for 
      Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment 
      of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, 
      Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China.
FAU - Liu, Xiang
AU  - Liu X
AD  - The Department of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and 
      Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for 
      Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment 
      of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, 
      Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China.
FAU - Su, Junwei
AU  - Su J
AD  - The Department of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and 
      Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for 
      Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment 
      of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, 
      Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China.
FAU - Lang, Guanjing
AU  - Lang G
AD  - The Department of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and 
      Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for 
      Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment 
      of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, 
      Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China.
FAU - Huang, Ying
AU  - Huang Y
AD  - The Department of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and 
      Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for 
      Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment 
      of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, 
      Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China.
FAU - Zhang, Yafei
AU  - Zhang Y
AD  - PET Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang 
      University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China.
FAU - Zhu, Biao
AU  - Zhu B
AD  - The Department of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and 
      Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for 
      Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment 
      of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, 
      Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China.
LA  - eng
PT  - Case Reports
DEP - 20220510
PL  - New Zealand
TA  - J Inflamm Res
JT  - Journal of inflammation research
JID - 101512684
PMC - PMC9109900
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Cryptococcus
OT  - acquired immune deficiency syndrome
OT  - cognition
OT  - immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome
OT  - immunomodulator
COIS- The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or 
      personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in 
      this paper.
EDAT- 2022/05/20 06:00
MHDA- 2022/05/20 06:01
PMCR- 2022/05/10
CRDT- 2022/05/19 02:30
PHST- 2021/12/22 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2022/04/27 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2022/05/19 02:30 [entrez]
PHST- 2022/05/20 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2022/05/20 06:01 [medline]
PHST- 2022/05/10 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - 353463 [pii]
AID - 10.2147/JIR.S353463 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - J Inflamm Res. 2022 May 10;15:2891-2899. doi: 10.2147/JIR.S353463. eCollection 
      2022.