PMID- 35616200 OWN - NLM STAT- MEDLINE DCOM- 20220527 LR - 20220915 IS - 1872-2059 (Electronic) IS - 1000-8713 (Print) IS - 1000-8713 (Linking) VI - 40 IP - 6 DP - 2022 Jun TI - [Preparation and chromatographic performance of cardanol-bonded silica stationary phase]. PG - 547-555 LID - 10.3724/SP.J.1123.2021.12023 [doi] AB - As green, less toxic, widely available, and site-rich functional ligands, natural products are widely used for the development of chromatographic stationary phases. In this work, a novel stationary phase, cardanol-bonded on silica (CBS) was prepared using gamma-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane (KH-560) as the coupling reagent and cardanol as the functional ligand. The synthesized stationary phase was characterized by Fourier transform-infrared spectra (FT-IR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), elemental analysis (EA), and N(2) adsorption-desorption analysis. The results revealed that cardanol was successfully immobilized on the surface of spherical silica by the ring-opening reaction of the epoxy groups in phenolic hydroxyl. The retention mechanism and chromatographic performance of the CBS column were further evaluated and compared with those of a commercial C(18) column using different classes of analytes, e. g., Tanaka standard test mixtures, alkylbenzenes, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), phenols, and aromatic positional isomers. The retention of alkylbenzenes under different chromatographic conditions revealed that the CBS column was a typical reversed-phase liquid chromatographic column, similar to the commercial C(18) column. From the results of the Tanaka test, it was concluded that CBS could provide various interactions for different solutes e. g., hydrogen bonding and pi-pi interactions, along with hydrophobic interactions. The synergistic effects resulting from the aromatic rings, the hydroxyl and alkyl linkers in the new stationary phase improved the separation selectivity via multiple retention mechanisms. Based on these interactions, different solute probes such as hydrophobic alkylbenzenes, PAHs, and phenols were successfully separated in the reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) mode. For example, the aromatic positional isomers o-terthenyl, m-terphenyl, and triphenylene were used to investigate the chromatographic performance of the CBS column. These PHAs were baseline separated with good peak shapes. The resolution of m-terphenyl and triphenylene was as high as 6.81, while the two isomers could not be separated on the C(18) column under the same chromatographic conditions. The repeatability and column stability of the CBS column was evaluated, and excellent repeatability and column stability were observed. The relative standard deviations (RSDs) of the retention time, peak area, and peak height for alkylbenzenes with 10 replicate injections were 0.052%-0.079%, 0.104%-0.847%, and 0.081%-0.272%, respectively. Traditional Chinese medicines have contributed notably to the Chinese civilization and human health. However, the complicated chemical compositions, unclear medicinal action mechanisms, and low purification efficiency for the traditional Chinese medicines have limited further development. Therefore it is necessary to establish an efficient, simple and feasible method for the separation and purification of herbal medicines. HPLC has been widely used in traditional Chinese medicines for the separation and detection of various components. In order to explore the CBS column for analysis of the traditional Chinese medicines, the ethanol extracts of fruits of Evodiae fructus and Camptotheca acuminata were used to test the separation performance of this column. The resolution of camptothecin from the preceding and following impurity peaks was 4.23 and 2.71. The resolution between evodiamine and rutaecarpin was 5.43, while the resolution from the adjacencies of impurity peaks was 2.20 and 1.69, respectively. The above mentioned results indicated that the CBS column shows good separation performance for the main active ingredients in the ethanolic extracts of these drugs, this validating its great potential for the analysis of real samples. Overall, the present study not only provides a new approach for the preparation of chromatographic stationary phases but also opens a new possibility for the separation and purification of camptothecin and evodiamine in real samples. This is an extension of the application of cardanol to chromatographic separation materials. FAU - Zeng, Lei AU - Zeng L AD - School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, Nanning 530006, China. FAU - Jiang, Lijuan AU - Jiang L AD - School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, Nanning 530006, China. FAU - Yao, Xingdong AU - Yao X AD - School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, Nanning 530006, China. FAU - Wang, Ting AU - Wang T AD - School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, Nanning 530006, China. FAU - Shi, Bo'an AU - Shi B AD - School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, Nanning 530006, China; School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Hubei Minzu University, Enshi 445000, China. FAU - Lei, Fuhou AU - Lei F AD - School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, Nanning 530006, China. LA - chi PT - Journal Article PL - China TA - Se Pu JT - Se pu = Chinese journal of chromatography JID - 9424804 RN - 0 (Phenols) RN - 0 (Plant Extracts) RN - 0 (Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons) RN - 4TB1UYZ2LN (cardanol) RN - 7631-86-9 (Silicon Dioxide) RN - XT3Z54Z28A (Camptothecin) SB - IM MH - Camptothecin MH - Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid MH - Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions MH - Phenols/analysis MH - Plant Extracts MH - *Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons/analysis MH - *Silicon Dioxide/chemistry MH - Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared PMC - PMC9404126 OTO - NOTNLM OT - bonded stationary phase OT - cardanol OT - chromatographic properties OT - separation of traditional Chinese medicines EDAT- 2022/05/27 06:00 MHDA- 2022/05/28 06:00 PMCR- 2022/06/08 CRDT- 2022/05/26 06:32 PHST- 2022/05/26 06:32 [entrez] PHST- 2022/05/27 06:00 [pubmed] PHST- 2022/05/28 06:00 [medline] PHST- 2022/06/08 00:00 [pmc-release] AID - 10.3724/SP.J.1123.2021.12023 [doi] PST - ppublish SO - Se Pu. 2022 Jun;40(6):547-555. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1123.2021.12023.