PMID- 35641189 OWN - NLM STAT- MEDLINE DCOM- 20220708 LR - 20240401 IS - 1529-2401 (Electronic) IS - 0270-6474 (Print) IS - 0270-6474 (Linking) VI - 42 IP - 27 DP - 2022 Jul 6 TI - A Spatiotemporal Map of Reading Aloud. PG - 5438-5450 LID - 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2324-21.2022 [doi] AB - Reading words aloud is a fundamental aspect of literacy. The rapid rate at which multiple distributed neural substrates are engaged in this process can only be probed via techniques with high spatiotemporal resolution. We probed this with direct intracranial recordings covering most of the left hemisphere in 46 humans (26 male, 20 female) as they read aloud regular, exception and pseudo-words. We used this to create a spatiotemporal map of word processing and to derive how broadband gamma activity varies with multiple word attributes critical to reading speed: lexicality, word frequency, and orthographic neighborhood. We found that lexicality is encoded earliest in mid-fusiform (mFus) cortex, and precentral sulcus, and is represented reliably enough to allow single-trial lexicality decoding. Word frequency is first represented in mFus and later in the inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) and inferior parietal sulcus (IPS), while orthographic neighborhood sensitivity resides solely in IPS. We thus isolate the neural correlates of the distributed reading network involving mFus, IFG, IPS, precentral sulcus, and motor cortex and provide direct evidence for parallel processes via the lexical route from mFus to IFG, and the sublexical route from IPS and precentral sulcus to anterior IFG.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Reading aloud depends on multiple complex cerebral computations: mapping from a written letter string on a page to a sequence of spoken sound representations. Here, we used direct intracranial recordings in a large cohort while they read aloud known and novel words, to track, across space and time, the progression of neural representations of behaviorally relevant factors that govern reading speed. We find, concordant with cognitive models of reading, that known and novel words are differentially processed through a lexical route, sensitive to frequency of occurrence of known words in natural language, and a sublexical route, performing letter-by-letter construction of novel words. CI - Copyright (c) 2022 the authors. FAU - Woolnough, Oscar AU - Woolnough O AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-5878-6865 AD - Vivian L. Smith Department of Neurosurgery, McGovern Medical School at UT Health Houston, Houston, Texas 77030. AD - Texas Institute for Restorative Neurotechnologies, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas 77030. FAU - Donos, Cristian AU - Donos C AD - Vivian L. Smith Department of Neurosurgery, McGovern Medical School at UT Health Houston, Houston, Texas 77030. AD - Faculty of Physics, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, 050663, Romania. FAU - Curtis, Aidan AU - Curtis A AD - Vivian L. Smith Department of Neurosurgery, McGovern Medical School at UT Health Houston, Houston, Texas 77030. FAU - Rollo, Patrick S AU - Rollo PS AD - Vivian L. Smith Department of Neurosurgery, McGovern Medical School at UT Health Houston, Houston, Texas 77030. AD - Texas Institute for Restorative Neurotechnologies, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas 77030. FAU - Roccaforte, Zachary J AU - Roccaforte ZJ AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-5746-0652 AD - Vivian L. Smith Department of Neurosurgery, McGovern Medical School at UT Health Houston, Houston, Texas 77030. AD - Texas Institute for Restorative Neurotechnologies, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas 77030. FAU - Dehaene, Stanislas AU - Dehaene S AD - Cognitive Neuroimaging Unit CEA, Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale, NeuroSpin Center, Universite Paris-Sud and Universite Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, 91191, France. AD - College de France, Paris, 75005, France. FAU - Fischer-Baum, Simon AU - Fischer-Baum S AD - Department of Psychological Sciences, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005. FAU - Tandon, Nitin AU - Tandon N AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-2752-2365 AD - Vivian L. Smith Department of Neurosurgery, McGovern Medical School at UT Health Houston, Houston, Texas 77030 nitin.tandon@uth.tmc.edu. AD - Texas Institute for Restorative Neurotechnologies, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas 77030. AD - Memorial Hermann Hospital, Texas Medical Center, Houston, Texas 77030. LA - eng GR - U01 NS098981/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/United States PT - Journal Article PT - Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural DEP - 20220531 PL - United States TA - J Neurosci JT - The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience JID - 8102140 SB - IM MH - *Brain Mapping/methods MH - Cerebral Cortex MH - Female MH - Humans MH - Language MH - *Magnetic Resonance Imaging/methods MH - Male PMC - PMC9270918 OTO - NOTNLM OT - dyslexia OT - human OT - intracranial recording OT - language OT - reading OT - speech EDAT- 2022/06/01 06:00 MHDA- 2022/07/09 06:00 PMCR- 2023/01/06 CRDT- 2022/05/31 21:24 PHST- 2021/11/24 00:00 [received] PHST- 2022/05/01 00:00 [revised] PHST- 2022/05/07 00:00 [accepted] PHST- 2022/06/01 06:00 [pubmed] PHST- 2022/07/09 06:00 [medline] PHST- 2022/05/31 21:24 [entrez] PHST- 2023/01/06 00:00 [pmc-release] AID - JNEUROSCI.2324-21.2022 [pii] AID - JN-RM-2324-21 [pii] AID - 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2324-21.2022 [doi] PST - ppublish SO - J Neurosci. 2022 Jul 6;42(27):5438-5450. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2324-21.2022. Epub 2022 May 31.