PMID- 35689005
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20220727
LR  - 20231226
IS  - 1573-904X (Electronic)
IS  - 0724-8741 (Print)
IS  - 0724-8741 (Linking)
VI  - 39
IP  - 8
DP  - 2022 Aug
TI  - Microneedle-Mediated Permeation Enhancement of Chlorhexidine Digluconate: 
      Mechanistic Insights Through Imaging Mass Spectrometry.
PG  - 1945-1958
LID - 10.1007/s11095-022-03309-8 [doi]
AB  - PURPOSE: Chlorhexidine digluconate (CHG) is a first-line antiseptic agent 
      typically applied to the skin as a topical solution prior to surgery due to its 
      efficacy and safety profile. However, the physiochemical properties of CHG limits 
      its cutaneous permeation, preventing it from reaching potentially pathogenic 
      bacteria residing within deeper skin layers. Thus, the utility of a solid 
      oscillating microneedle system, Dermapen(R), and a CHG-hydroxyethylcellulose (HEC) 
      gel were investigated to improve the intradermal delivery of CHG. METHODS: 
      Permeation of CHG from the commercial product, Hibiscrub(R), and HEC-CHG gels 
      (containing 1% or 4% CHG w/w) was assessed in intact skin, or skin that had been 
      pre-treated with microneedles of different array numbers, using an Franz 
      diffusion cells and Time-of-Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (ToF-SIMS). 
      RESULTS: Gels containing 1% and 4% CHG resulted in significantly increased depth 
      permeation of CHG compared to Hibiscrub(R) (4% w/v CHG) when applied to microneedle 
      pre-treated skin, with the effect being more significant with the higher array 
      number. ToF-SIMS analysis indicated that the depth of dermal penetration achieved 
      was sufficient to reach the skin strata that typically harbours pathogenic 
      bacteria, which is currently inaccessible by Hibiscrub(R), and showed potential 
      lateral diffusion within the viable epidermis. CONCLUSIONS: This study indicates 
      that HEC-CHG gels applied to microneedle pre-treated skin may be a viable 
      strategy to improve the permeation CHG into the skin. Such enhanced intradermal 
      delivery may be of significant clinical utility for improved skin antisepsis in 
      those at risk of a skin or soft tissue infection following surgical intervention.
CI  - (c) 2022. The Author(s).
FAU - Kirkby, Melissa
AU  - Kirkby M
AD  - School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Keele University, Keele, ST5 5BG, UK.
FAU - Sabri, Akmal Bin
AU  - Sabri AB
AD  - School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 
      2RD, UK.
AD  - School of Pharmacy, Medical Biology Centre, Queen's University Belfast, 97 
      Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK.
FAU - Scurr, David
AU  - Scurr D
AD  - School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 
      2RD, UK.
FAU - Moss, Gary
AU  - Moss G
AD  - School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Keele University, Keele, ST5 5BG, UK. 
      g.p.j.moss@keele.ac.uk.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20220610
PL  - United States
TA  - Pharm Res
JT  - Pharmaceutical research
JID - 8406521
RN  - 0 (Anti-Infective Agents, Local)
RN  - 0 (Gels)
RN  - MOR84MUD8E (chlorhexidine gluconate)
RN  - R4KO0DY52L (Chlorhexidine)
SB  - IM
MH  - *Anti-Infective Agents, Local/pharmacology
MH  - Bacteria
MH  - *Chlorhexidine/analogs & derivatives/pharmacology
MH  - Gels/pharmacology
MH  - Mass Spectrometry
PMC - PMC9314308
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - chlorhexedine
OT  - microneedles
OT  - skin Imaging
OT  - skin permeation
OT  - time of flight secondary ion mass spectrometry
EDAT- 2022/06/11 06:00
MHDA- 2022/07/28 06:00
PMCR- 2022/06/10
CRDT- 2022/06/10 23:28
PHST- 2022/03/16 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2022/05/27 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2022/06/11 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2022/07/28 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2022/06/10 23:28 [entrez]
PHST- 2022/06/10 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - 10.1007/s11095-022-03309-8 [pii]
AID - 3309 [pii]
AID - 10.1007/s11095-022-03309-8 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Pharm Res. 2022 Aug;39(8):1945-1958. doi: 10.1007/s11095-022-03309-8. Epub 2022 
      Jun 10.