PMID- 35727377
OWN - NLM
STAT- PubMed-not-MEDLINE
LR  - 20220716
IS  - 2199-1170 (Print)
IS  - 2198-9761 (Electronic)
IS  - 2198-9761 (Linking)
VI  - 8
IP  - 1
DP  - 2022 Jun 21
TI  - The Effect of Sodium Alginate and Pectin Added to a Carbohydrate Beverage on 
      Endurance Performance, Substrate Oxidation and Blood Glucose Concentration: A 
      Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.
PG  - 82
LID - 10.1186/s40798-022-00472-5 [doi]
LID - 82
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Scientific and public interest in the potential ergogenic effects 
      of sodium alginate added to a carbohydrate (CHO) beverage has increased in the 
      last ~ 5 years. Despite an extensive use of this technology by elite athletes and 
      recent research into the potential effects, there has been no meta-analysis to 
      objectively elucidate the effects of adding sodium alginate to a CHO beverage on 
      parameters relevant to exercise performance and to highlight gaps in the 
      literature. METHODS: Three literature databases were systematically searched for 
      studies investigating the effects of sodium alginate added to CHO beverage during 
      prolonged, endurance exercise in healthy athletes. For the systematic review, the 
      PROSPERO guidelines were followed, and risk assessment was made using the 
      Cochrane collaboration's tool for assessing the risk of bias. Additionally, a 
      random-effects meta-analysis model was used to determine the standardised mean 
      difference between a CHO beverage containing sodium alginate and an isocaloric 
      control for performance, whole-body CHO oxidation and blood glucose 
      concentration. RESULTS: Ten studies were reviewed systematically, of which seven 
      were included within the meta-analysis. For each variable, there was homogeneity 
      between studies for performance (n = 5 studies; I(2) = 0%), CHO oxidation (n = 7 
      studies; I(2) = 0%) and blood glucose concentration (n = 7 studies; I(2) = 0%). 
      When compared with an isocaloric control, the meta-analysis demonstrated that 
      there is no difference in performance (Z = 0.54, p = 0.59), CHO oxidation 
      (Z = 0.34, p = 0.71) and blood glucose concentration (Z = 0.44, p = 0.66) when 
      ingesting a CHO beverage containing sodium alginate. The systematic review 
      revealed that several of the included studies did not use sufficient exercise 
      intensity to elicit significant gastrointestinal disturbances or demonstrate any 
      ergogenic benefit of CHO ingestion. Risk of bias was generally low across the 
      included studies. CONCLUSIONS: This systematic review and meta-analysis 
      demonstrate that the current literature indicates no benefit of adding sodium 
      alginate to a CHO beverage during exercise. Further research is required, 
      however, before firm conclusions are drawn considering the range of exercise 
      intensities, feeding rates and the apparent lack of benefit of CHO reported in 
      the current literature investigating sodium alginate.
CI  - (c) 2022. The Author(s).
FAU - Sutehall, Shaun
AU  - Sutehall S
AD  - Division of Physiological Sciences, Department of Human Biology, University of 
      Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
FAU - Muniz-Pardos, Borja
AU  - Muniz-Pardos B
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-9191-9033
AD  - GENUD (Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development) Research Group, University of 
      Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.
FAU - Bosch, Andrew
AU  - Bosch A
AD  - Division of Physiological Sciences, Department of Human Biology, University of 
      Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
FAU - Pitsiladis, Yannis
AU  - Pitsiladis Y
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0001-6210-2449
AD  - School of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Brighton, Welkin House, 30 
      Carlisle Road, Eastbourne, BN20 7SN, UK. Y.Pitsiladis@brighton.ac.uk.
LA  - eng
PT  - Systematic Review
DEP - 20220621
PL  - Switzerland
TA  - Sports Med Open
JT  - Sports medicine - open
JID - 101662568
PMC - PMC9213602
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Carbohydrate
OT  - Endurance
OT  - Exercise
OT  - Hydrogel
OT  - Meta-analysis
OT  - Performance
OT  - Systematic
COIS- Yannis Pitsiladis is the founding member of the Sub2 project (www.sub2hrs.com). 
      The Sub2 project is affiliated with a nontrading company (Athlome Limited, UK) 
      that is a minor (< 1.1%) shareholder of Maurten AB. Shaun Sutehall has received 
      one travel grant from Maurten AB. Andrew Bosch and Borja Muniz-Pardos have no 
      conflicts of interest relevant to the content of this review. None of the authors 
      are paid consultants or have ownership of any patents linked to the present 
      research.
EDAT- 2022/06/22 06:00
MHDA- 2022/06/22 06:01
PMCR- 2022/06/21
CRDT- 2022/06/21 11:17
PHST- 2021/12/09 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2022/06/06 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2022/06/21 11:17 [entrez]
PHST- 2022/06/22 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2022/06/22 06:01 [medline]
PHST- 2022/06/21 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - 10.1186/s40798-022-00472-5 [pii]
AID - 472 [pii]
AID - 10.1186/s40798-022-00472-5 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - Sports Med Open. 2022 Jun 21;8(1):82. doi: 10.1186/s40798-022-00472-5.