PMID- 35734622
OWN - NLM
STAT- PubMed-not-MEDLINE
LR  - 20220716
IS  - 1948-9366 (Print)
IS  - 1948-9366 (Electronic)
VI  - 14
IP  - 5
DP  - 2022 May 27
TI  - Recent advances in diagnosis and treatment of gastroenteropancreatic 
      neuroendocrine neoplasms.
PG  - 383-396
LID - 10.4240/wjgs.v14.i5.383 [doi]
AB  - Gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms (GEP-NENs) are a rare group of 
      tumors originating from neuroendocrine cells of the digestive system. Their 
      incidence has increased over the last decades. The specific pathogenetic 
      mechanisms underlying GEP-NEN development have not been completely revealed. 
      Unfunctional GEP-NENs are usually asymptomatic; some grow slowly and thus impede 
      early diagnosis, which ultimately results in a high rate of misdiagnosis. 
      Therefore, many GEP-NEN patients present with later staged tumors. Motivated 
      hereby, research attention for diagnosis and treatment for GEP-NENs increased in 
      recent years. The result of which is great progress in clinical diagnosis and 
      treatment. According to the most recent clinical guidelines, improved grading 
      standards can accurately define poorly differentiated grade 3 neuroendocrine 
      tumors and neuroendocrine carcinomas (NECs), which are subclassified into large 
      and small cell NECs. Combining different functional imaging methods facilitates 
      precise diagnosis. The expression of somatostatin receptors helps to predict 
      prognosis. Genetic analyses of mutations affecting death domain associated 
      protein (DAXX), multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN 1), alpha 
      thalassemia/intellectual disability syndrome X-linked (ATRX), retinoblastoma 
      transcriptional corepressor 1 (RB 1), and mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 
      4 (SMAD 4) help distinguishing grade 3 NENs from poorly differentiated NECs. The 
      aim of this review is to summarize the latest research progress on diagnosis and 
      treatment of GEP-NENs.
CI  - (c)The Author(s) 2022. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights 
      reserved.
FAU - Dai, Meng
AU  - Dai M
AD  - Clinic of General Surgery, Molecular Oncology and Immunotherapy, Rostock 
      University Medical Center, 18057 Rostock, Germany.
FAU - Mullins, Christina S
AU  - Mullins CS
AD  - Clinic of General Surgery, Molecular Oncology and Immunotherapy, Rostock 
      University Medical Center, 18057 Rostock, Germany.
FAU - Lu, Lili
AU  - Lu L
AD  - Clinic of General Surgery, Molecular Oncology and Immunotherapy, Rostock 
      University Medical Center, 18057 Rostock, Germany.
FAU - Alsfasser, Guido
AU  - Alsfasser G
AD  - Clinic of General Surgery, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057 Rostock, 
      Germany.
FAU - Linnebacher, Michael
AU  - Linnebacher M
AD  - Clinic of General Surgery, Molecular Oncology and Immunotherapy, Rostock 
      University Medical Center, 18057 Rostock, Germany. 
      michael.linnebacher@med.uni-rostock.de.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Review
PL  - United States
TA  - World J Gastrointest Surg
JT  - World journal of gastrointestinal surgery
JID - 101532473
PMC - PMC9160679
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Functional imaging
OT  - GEP-NENs
OT  - Genetic mutations
OT  - Immune checkpoint inhibitors
OT  - Peptide receptor radionuclide therapy
OT  - Targeting agents
COIS- Conflict-of-interest statement: None to be declared.
EDAT- 2022/06/24 06:00
MHDA- 2022/06/24 06:01
PMCR- 2022/05/27
CRDT- 2022/06/23 02:46
PHST- 2021/11/10 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2022/01/17 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2022/04/29 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2022/06/23 02:46 [entrez]
PHST- 2022/06/24 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2022/06/24 06:01 [medline]
PHST- 2022/05/27 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - 10.4240/wjgs.v14.i5.383 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - World J Gastrointest Surg. 2022 May 27;14(5):383-396. doi: 
      10.4240/wjgs.v14.i5.383.