PMID- 35736198
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20220627
LR  - 20220716
IS  - 1660-3397 (Electronic)
IS  - 1660-3397 (Linking)
VI  - 20
IP  - 6
DP  - 2022 Jun 15
TI  - Fast and Efficient Separation of Eleven Mycosporine-like Amino Acids by UHPLC-DAD 
      and Their Quantification in Diverse Red Algae.
LID - 10.3390/md20060395 [doi]
LID - 395
AB  - Due to their hostile habitats, characterized by a high exposure to UV-A and UV-B 
      radiation, red algae are known to synthesize unique secondary metabolites: 
      mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs). These small molecules possess an extremely 
      high UV absorption capacity and therefore mainly act as photoprotective agents. 
      In this study, the first ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) 
      method with diode-array detection (DAD) was developed for the determination of 
      eleven MAAs in various algal species. All of the analytes could be separated in 
      under 8 min on a Phenomenex Luna Omega C18 1.6 microm column. The mobile phase 
      comprised water with 0.25% formic acid and 20 mM ammonium formate (A) and 
      acetonitrile (B). Elution was carried out in gradient mode. Method validation 
      following ICH guidelines confirmed excellent linearity (R(2) >/= 0.9998), 
      selectivity, precision and accuracy (from 97.41 to 103.38%) for all analytes. The 
      assay's LOD was always 0.01 microg/mL; its LOQ was not higher than 0.04 microg/mL. 
      Practical applicability was assured by analyzing several algae (e.g., Gracilaria 
      chilensis, Pyropia plicata) using the developed method, and results indicated a 
      high variation in MAA profiles as well as content. Whilst some MAAs were only 
      found in specific samples, shinorine, which was always present, occurred in 
      concentrations from 0.05 to 4.14 mg/g of dried biomass. As UHPLC-MS was also 
      feasible, this method showed high flexibility concerning the detection mode, 
      surpassing established procedures for MAA analysis not only concerning separation 
      efficiency and analysis time.
FAU - Zwerger, Michael
AU  - Zwerger M
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-0245-6146
AD  - Department of Pharmacognosy, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, 
      A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
FAU - Ganzera, Markus
AU  - Ganzera M
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-7407-9060
AD  - Department of Pharmacognosy, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, 
      A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
LA  - eng
GR  - P29671/FWF Austrian Science Fund/
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20220615
PL  - Switzerland
TA  - Mar Drugs
JT  - Marine drugs
JID - 101213729
RN  - 0 (Amino Acids)
SB  - IM
MH  - *Amino Acids/chemistry
MH  - Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid/methods
MH  - Chromatography, Liquid
MH  - *Rhodophyta/chemistry
MH  - Ultraviolet Rays
PMC - PMC9227160
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - MAA
OT  - UHPLC
OT  - isolation
OT  - mycosporine-like amino acids
COIS- The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or 
      personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in 
      this paper.
EDAT- 2022/06/24 06:00
MHDA- 2022/06/28 06:00
PMCR- 2022/06/15
CRDT- 2022/06/23 09:13
PHST- 2022/05/11 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2022/06/07 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2022/06/13 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2022/06/23 09:13 [entrez]
PHST- 2022/06/24 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2022/06/28 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2022/06/15 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - md20060395 [pii]
AID - marinedrugs-20-00395 [pii]
AID - 10.3390/md20060395 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - Mar Drugs. 2022 Jun 15;20(6):395. doi: 10.3390/md20060395.