PMID- 35779735
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20220823
LR  - 20220823
IS  - 1879-1026 (Electronic)
IS  - 0048-9697 (Linking)
VI  - 843
DP  - 2022 Oct 15
TI  - Medium- and long-chain chlorinated paraffins in air: A review of levels, 
      physicochemical properties, and analytical considerations.
PG  - 157094
LID - S0048-9697(22)04191-2 [pii]
LID - 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157094 [doi]
AB  - Chlorinated paraffins (CPs) are synthetic chemicals that are produced at high 
      volumes and have a global presence. CPs are generally divided into three groups 
      based on their carbon chain lengths: short-chain CPs (SCCPs, C(10-13)), 
      medium-chain CPs (MCCPs, C(14-17)), and long-chain CPs (LCCPs, C(>/=18)). SCCPs 
      have been formally recognized as persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and have 
      been listed under the Stockholm Convention on POPs. Concerns about increases in 
      MCCP and LCCP production as replacements for SCCP products are rising, given 
      their similar properties to SCCPs and the fact that they remain relatively 
      understudied with only a few reported measurements in air. Passive air samplers 
      with polyurethane foam disks (PUF-PAS), which have been successfully applied to 
      SCCPs, provide an opportunity to expand the existing body of data on MCCP and 
      LCCP air concentrations, as they are inexpensive and require little maintenance. 
      The uptake of MCCPs and LCCPs by PUF disk samplers is characterized in this paper 
      based on newly derived PUF-air partitioning coefficients using COSMOtherm. The 
      ability of PUF disk samplers to capture both gas-phase and particle fractions is 
      important because MCCPs and LCCPs have reduced volatility compared to SCCPs and 
      therefore are mainly associated with particulate matter in air. In addition, due 
      to their use as additives in plastics and rubber products, they are associated 
      with micro- and nanoplastics, which are considered to be potential vectors for 
      the long-range atmospheric transport (LRAT) of these chemicals. The review has 
      highlighted other limitations to reporting of MCCPs and LCCPs in air, including 
      the lack of suitable analytical standards and the requirement for advanced 
      analytical methods to detect and resolve these complex mixtures. Overall, this 
      review indicates that further research is needed in many areas for medium- and 
      long-chain chlorinated paraffins in order to better understand their occurrence, 
      transport and fate in air.
CI  - Copyright (c) 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
FAU - South, Lauren
AU  - South L
AD  - Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 
      Toronto, Ontario M3H 5T4, Canada.
FAU - Saini, Amandeep
AU  - Saini A
AD  - Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 
      Toronto, Ontario M3H 5T4, Canada. Electronic address: amandeep.saini@ec.gc.ca.
FAU - Harner, Tom
AU  - Harner T
AD  - Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 
      Toronto, Ontario M3H 5T4, Canada.
FAU - Niu, Shan
AU  - Niu S
AD  - Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, 
      Pittsburgh, PA 15260, United States.
FAU - Parnis, J Mark
AU  - Parnis JM
AD  - Department of Chemistry and Canadian Environmental Modelling Centre, Trent 
      University, Peterborough, Ontario K9L 0G2, Canada.
FAU - Mastin, Jacob
AU  - Mastin J
AD  - Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 
      Toronto, Ontario M3H 5T4, Canada.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Review
DEP - 20220630
PL  - Netherlands
TA  - Sci Total Environ
JT  - The Science of the total environment
JID - 0330500
RN  - 0 (Environmental Pollutants)
RN  - 0 (Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated)
RN  - 0 (Particulate Matter)
RN  - 8002-74-2 (Paraffin)
SB  - IM
MH  - China
MH  - Environmental Monitoring/methods
MH  - *Environmental Pollutants/analysis
MH  - *Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated/analysis
MH  - Paraffin/analysis
MH  - Particulate Matter
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Atmospheric concentrations
OT  - Chlorinated paraffins (CPs)
OT  - LCCPs
OT  - MCCPs
OT  - PUF disk passive air samplers
OT  - Physicochemical properties
COIS- Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known 
      competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared 
      to influence the work reported in this paper.
EDAT- 2022/07/03 06:00
MHDA- 2022/08/24 06:00
CRDT- 2022/07/02 19:25
PHST- 2022/03/25 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2022/06/27 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2022/06/27 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2022/07/03 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2022/08/24 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2022/07/02 19:25 [entrez]
AID - S0048-9697(22)04191-2 [pii]
AID - 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157094 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Sci Total Environ. 2022 Oct 15;843:157094. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157094. 
      Epub 2022 Jun 30.