PMID- 35805486
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20220712
LR  - 20220824
IS  - 1660-4601 (Electronic)
IS  - 1661-7827 (Print)
IS  - 1660-4601 (Linking)
VI  - 19
IP  - 13
DP  - 2022 Jun 26
TI  - Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Groundwater of Hainan Island Using the 
      Monte Carlo Simulation Coupled with the APCS/MLR Model.
LID - 10.3390/ijerph19137827 [doi]
LID - 7827
AB  - Groundwater is a significant component of water resources, but drinking 
      groundwater with excessive heavy metals (HMs) is harmful to human health. 
      Currently, quantitative source apportionment and probabilistic health risk 
      assessment of HMs in groundwater are relatively limited. In this study, 60 
      groundwater samples containing seven HMs were collected from Hainan Island and 
      analyzed by the coupled absolute principal component scores/multiple linear 
      regression (APCS/MLR), the health risk assessment (HRA) and the Monte Carlo 
      simulation (MCS) to quantify the pollution sources of HMs and the health risks. 
      The results show that the high-pollution-value areas of HMs are mainly located in 
      the industry-oriented western region, but the pollution level by HMs in the 
      groundwater in the study area is generally low. The main sources of HMs in the 
      groundwater are found to be the mixed sources of agricultural activities and 
      traffic emissions (39.16%), industrial activities (25.57%) and natural sources 
      (35.27%). Although the non-carcinogenic risks for adults and children are 
      negligible, the carcinogenic risks are at a high level. Through analyzing the 
      relationship between HMs, pollution sources, and health risks, natural sources 
      contribute the most to the health risks, and Cr is determined as the priority 
      control HM. This study emphasizes the importance of quantitative evaluation of 
      the HM pollution sources and probabilistic health risk assessment, which provides 
      an essential basis for water pollution prevention and control in Hainan Island.
FAU - Shi, Huanhuan
AU  - Shi H
AD  - School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430078, 
      China.
AD  - School of Geography and Information Engineering, China University of Geosciences, 
      Wuhan 430078, China.
FAU - Zeng, Min
AU  - Zeng M
AD  - Wuhan Center of Geological Survey of China Geological Survey, Wuhan 430205, 
      China.
FAU - Peng, Hongxia
AU  - Peng H
AD  - School of Geography and Information Engineering, China University of Geosciences, 
      Wuhan 430078, China.
FAU - Huang, Changsheng
AU  - Huang C
AD  - Wuhan Center of Geological Survey of China Geological Survey, Wuhan 430205, 
      China.
FAU - Sun, Huimin
AU  - Sun H
AD  - School of Geography and Information Engineering, China University of Geosciences, 
      Wuhan 430078, China.
FAU - Hou, Qingqin
AU  - Hou Q
AD  - School of Geography and Information Engineering, China University of Geosciences, 
      Wuhan 430078, China.
FAU - Pi, Pengcheng
AU  - Pi P
AD  - School of Geography and Information Engineering, China University of Geosciences, 
      Wuhan 430078, China.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
DEP - 20220626
PL  - Switzerland
TA  - Int J Environ Res Public Health
JT  - International journal of environmental research and public health
JID - 101238455
RN  - 0 (Metals, Heavy)
RN  - 0 (Soil Pollutants)
SB  - IM
MH  - Adult
MH  - Child
MH  - China
MH  - Environmental Monitoring
MH  - *Groundwater
MH  - Humans
MH  - Linear Models
MH  - *Metals, Heavy/analysis
MH  - Monte Carlo Method
MH  - Risk Assessment
MH  - *Soil Pollutants/analysis
PMC - PMC9266011
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - APCS/MLR model
OT  - Monte Carlo simulation
OT  - health risk
OT  - heavy metals in groundwater
OT  - source apportionment
COIS- The authors declare no conflict of interest.
EDAT- 2022/07/10 06:00
MHDA- 2022/07/14 06:00
PMCR- 2022/06/26
CRDT- 2022/07/09 01:07
PHST- 2022/03/31 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2022/06/05 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2022/06/06 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2022/07/09 01:07 [entrez]
PHST- 2022/07/10 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2022/07/14 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2022/06/26 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - ijerph19137827 [pii]
AID - ijerph-19-07827 [pii]
AID - 10.3390/ijerph19137827 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022 Jun 26;19(13):7827. doi: 
      10.3390/ijerph19137827.