PMID- 35839670 OWN - NLM STAT- MEDLINE DCOM- 20220719 LR - 20220802 IS - 1873-6750 (Electronic) IS - 0160-4120 (Linking) VI - 166 DP - 2022 Aug TI - Size-based effects of anthropogenic ultrafine particles on activation of human lung macrophages. PG - 107395 LID - S0160-4120(22)00322-1 [pii] LID - 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107395 [doi] AB - The anthropogenic particulate matter (PM), suspended air dust that can be inhaled by humans and deposited in the lungs, is one of the main pollutants in the industrialized cities atmosphere. Recent studies have shown that PM has adverse effects on respiratory diseases. These effects are mainly due to the ultrafine particles (PM0.1, PM < 100 nm), which, thanks to their PM size, are efficiently deposited in nasal, tracheobronchial, and alveolar regions. Pulmonary macrophages are a heterogeneous cell population distributed in different lung compartments, whose role in inflammatory response to injury is of particular relevance. In this study, we investigated the effect of PM0.1 on Human Lung Macrophages (HLMs) activation evaluated as proinflammatory cytokines and chemokine release, Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) production and intracellular Ca(2+)concentration ([Ca(2+)](i)). Furthermore, PM0.1, after removal of organic fraction, was fractionated in nanoparticles both smaller (NP20) and bigger (NP100) than 20 nm by a properlydeveloped analytical protocol, allowed isolating their individual contribution. Interestingly, while PM0.1 and NP20 induced stimulatory effects on HLM cytokines release, NP100 had not effect. In particular, PM0.1 induced IL-6, IL-1beta, TNF-alpha, but not CXCL8, release from HLMs. Moreover, PM0.1, NP20 and NP100 did not induce beta-glucuronidase release, a preformed mediator contained in HLMs. The long time necessary for cytokines release (18 h) suggested that PM0.1 and NP20 could induce ex-novo production of the tested mediators. Accordingly, after 6 h of incubation, PM0.1 and NP20 induced mRNA expression of IL-6, TNF-alpha and IL-1beta. Moreover, NP20 induced ROS production and [Ca(2+)](i) increase in a time-dependent manner, without producing cytotoxicity. Collectively, the present data highlight the main proinflammatory role of NP20 among PM fractions. This is particularly of concern because this fraction is not currently covered by legal limits as it is not easily measured at the exhausts by the available technical methodologies, suggesting that it is mandatory to search for new monitoring techniques and strategies for limiting NP20 formation. CI - Copyright (c) 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved. FAU - Marcella, Simone AU - Marcella S AD - Department of Translational Medical Sciences and Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, WAO Center of Excellence, 80131 Naples, Italy. Electronic address: s.marcella92@gmail.com. FAU - Apicella, Barbara AU - Apicella B AD - Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie per l'Energia e la Mobilita Sostenibili (STEMS)-CNR, 80125 Naples, Italy. Electronic address: barbara.apicella@stems.cnr.it. FAU - Secondo, Agnese AU - Secondo A AD - Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy. Electronic address: secondo@unina.it. FAU - Palestra, Francesco AU - Palestra F AD - Department of Translational Medical Sciences and Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, WAO Center of Excellence, 80131 Naples, Italy. Electronic address: f.palestra97@gmail.com. FAU - Opromolla, Giorgia AU - Opromolla G AD - Translational Medical and Surgical Science, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80131 Naples, Italy. Electronic address: gi.opromolla1@gmail.com. FAU - Ciardi, Renato AU - Ciardi R AD - Department of Translational Medical Sciences and Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, WAO Center of Excellence, 80131 Naples, Italy. Electronic address: renato.ciardi@libero.it. FAU - Tedeschi, Valentina AU - Tedeschi V AD - Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy. Electronic address: valentina.tedeschi@unina.it. FAU - Ferrara, Anne Lise AU - Ferrara AL AD - Department of Translational Medical Sciences and Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, WAO Center of Excellence, 80131 Naples, Italy; Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology (IEOS), National Research Council, 80131 Naples, Italy. Electronic address: annelisefarrara@gmail.com. FAU - Russo, Carmela AU - Russo C AD - Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie per l'Energia e la Mobilita Sostenibili (STEMS)-CNR, 80125 Naples, Italy. Electronic address: carmela.russo@stems.cnr.it. FAU - Rosaria Galdiero, Maria AU - Rosaria Galdiero M AD - Department of Translational Medical Sciences and Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, WAO Center of Excellence, 80131 Naples, Italy; Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology (IEOS), National Research Council, 80131 Naples, Italy. Electronic address: mrgaldiero@libero.it. FAU - Cristinziano, Leonardo AU - Cristinziano L AD - Department of Translational Medical Sciences and Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, WAO Center of Excellence, 80131 Naples, Italy. Electronic address: l.cristinziano@gmail.com. FAU - Modestino, Luca AU - Modestino L AD - Department of Translational Medical Sciences and Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, WAO Center of Excellence, 80131 Naples, Italy. Electronic address: modestinoluca@gmail.com. FAU - Spadaro, Giuseppe AU - Spadaro G AD - Department of Translational Medical Sciences and Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, WAO Center of Excellence, 80131 Naples, Italy. Electronic address: spadaro@unina.it. FAU - Fiorelli, Alfonso AU - Fiorelli A AD - Translational Medical and Surgical Science, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80131 Naples, Italy. Electronic address: alfonso.fiorelli@unicampania.itd. FAU - Loffredo, Stefania AU - Loffredo S AD - Department of Translational Medical Sciences and Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, WAO Center of Excellence, 80131 Naples, Italy; Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology (IEOS), National Research Council, 80131 Naples, Italy. Electronic address: stefania.loffredo2@unina.it. LA - eng PT - Journal Article DEP - 20220707 PL - Netherlands TA - Environ Int JT - Environment international JID - 7807270 RN - 0 (Air Pollutants) RN - 0 (Cytokines) RN - 0 (Interleukin-6) RN - 0 (Particulate Matter) RN - 0 (Reactive Oxygen Species) RN - 0 (Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha) SB - IM MH - *Air Pollutants/adverse effects/pharmacology MH - Cytokines/metabolism MH - Humans MH - Interleukin-6 MH - Lung MH - *Macrophages, Alveolar/metabolism/physiology MH - Particle Size MH - *Particulate Matter/pharmacology MH - Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism MH - Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolism OTO - NOTNLM OT - Air pollution OT - Calcium homeostasis OT - Chemokines OT - Cytokines OT - Lung OT - Macrophages OT - Monocyte-derived macrophages OT - Monocytes OT - Nanoparticles OT - PM OT - ROS EDAT- 2022/07/16 06:00 MHDA- 2022/07/20 06:00 CRDT- 2022/07/15 18:27 PHST- 2022/03/22 00:00 [received] PHST- 2022/05/31 00:00 [revised] PHST- 2022/07/04 00:00 [accepted] PHST- 2022/07/16 06:00 [pubmed] PHST- 2022/07/20 06:00 [medline] PHST- 2022/07/15 18:27 [entrez] AID - S0160-4120(22)00322-1 [pii] AID - 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107395 [doi] PST - ppublish SO - Environ Int. 2022 Aug;166:107395. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107395. Epub 2022 Jul 7.