PMID- 35859531
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20221021
LR  - 20231202
IS  - 1096-9861 (Electronic)
IS  - 0021-9967 (Print)
IS  - 0021-9967 (Linking)
VI  - 530
IP  - 18
DP  - 2022 Dec
TI  - Comparative analysis of astrocytes in the prefrontal cortex of primates: Insights 
      into the evolution of human brain energetics.
PG  - 3106-3125
LID - 10.1002/cne.25387 [doi]
AB  - Astrocytes are the main homeostatic cell of the brain involved in many processes 
      related to cognition, immune response, and energy expenditure. It has been 
      suggested that the distribution of astrocytes is associated with brain size, and 
      that they are specialized in humans. To evaluate these, we quantified astrocyte 
      density, soma volume, and total glia density in layer I and white matter in 
      Brodmann's area 9 of humans, chimpanzees, baboons, and macaques. We found that 
      layer I astrocyte density, soma volume, and ratio of astrocytes to total glia 
      cells were highest in humans and increased with brain size. Overall glia density 
      in layer I and white matter were relatively invariant across brain sizes, 
      potentially due to their important metabolic functions on a per volume basis. We 
      also quantified two transporters involved in metabolism through the 
      astrocyte-neuron lactate shuttle, excitatory amino acid transporter 2 (EAAT2) and 
      glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1). We expected these transporters would be increased 
      in human brains due to their high rate of metabolic consumption and associated 
      gene activity. While humans have higher EAAT2 cell density, GLUT1 vessel volume, 
      and GLUT1 area fraction compared to baboons and chimpanzees, they did not differ 
      from macaques. Therefore, EAAT2 and GLUT1 are not related to increased energetic 
      demands of the human brain. Taken together, these data provide evidence that 
      astrocytes play a unique role in both brain expansion and evolution among 
      primates, with an emphasis on layer I astrocytes having a potentially significant 
      role in human-specific metabolic processing and cognition.
CI  - (c) 2022 Wiley Periodicals LLC.
FAU - Munger, Emily L
AU  - Munger EL
AD  - Department of Anthropology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Brain Health Research 
      Institute, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio, USA.
FAU - Edler, Melissa K
AU  - Edler MK
AD  - Department of Anthropology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Brain Health Research 
      Institute, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio, USA.
FAU - Hopkins, William D
AU  - Hopkins WD
AD  - Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer 
      Center, Bastrop, Texas, USA.
FAU - Hof, Patrick R
AU  - Hof PR
AD  - Nash Family Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School 
      of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York, USA.
FAU - Sherwood, Chet C
AU  - Sherwood CC
AD  - Department of Anthropology and Center for the Advanced Study of Human 
      Paleobiology, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, 
      USA.
FAU - Raghanti, Mary Ann
AU  - Raghanti MA
AD  - Department of Anthropology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Brain Health Research 
      Institute, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio, USA.
LA  - eng
GR  - R24 NS092988/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/United States
GR  - EF-2021785/National Science Foundation/
GR  - R01 AG067419/AG/NIA NIH HHS/United States
GR  - R01 HG011641/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/United States
GR  - BCS-1846201/National Science Foundation/
GR  - P51 RR000166/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/United States
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
PT  - Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
DEP - 20220720
PL  - United States
TA  - J Comp Neurol
JT  - The Journal of comparative neurology
JID - 0406041
RN  - 0 (Excitatory Amino Acid Transporter 2)
RN  - 0 (Glucose Transporter Type 1)
RN  - 0 (Lactates)
SB  - IM
MH  - Animals
MH  - Humans
MH  - *Astrocytes/metabolism
MH  - *Excitatory Amino Acid Transporter 2/metabolism
MH  - Glucose Transporter Type 1
MH  - Pan troglodytes
MH  - Brain/metabolism
MH  - Prefrontal Cortex/metabolism
MH  - Macaca/metabolism
MH  - Papio
MH  - Lactates/metabolism
PMC - PMC9588662
MID - NIHMS1821098
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - EAAT2
OT  - GFAP
OT  - GLUT1
OT  - astrocyte
OT  - glia
OT  - human
OT  - prefrontal cortex
OT  - primate
COIS- CONFLICT OF INTEREST The authors declare no conflicts of interest
EDAT- 2022/07/22 06:00
MHDA- 2022/10/22 06:00
PMCR- 2023/12/01
CRDT- 2022/07/21 02:06
PHST- 2022/06/17 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2022/04/06 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2022/06/22 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2022/07/22 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2022/10/22 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2022/07/21 02:06 [entrez]
PHST- 2023/12/01 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - 10.1002/cne.25387 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - J Comp Neurol. 2022 Dec;530(18):3106-3125. doi: 10.1002/cne.25387. Epub 2022 Jul 
      20.