PMID- 35868076 OWN - NLM STAT- MEDLINE DCOM- 20220816 LR - 20221018 IS - 1873-6750 (Electronic) IS - 0160-4120 (Print) IS - 0160-4120 (Linking) VI - 167 DP - 2022 Sep TI - The complex relationship of air pollution and neighborhood socioeconomic status and their association with cognitive decline. PG - 107416 LID - S0160-4120(22)00343-9 [pii] LID - 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107416 [doi] AB - BACKGROUND: Air pollution and neighborhood socioeconomic status (nSES) have been shown to affect cognitive decline in older adults. In previous studies, nSES acts as both a confounder and an effect modifier between air pollution and cognitive decline. OBJECTIVES: This study aims to examine the individual and joint effects of air pollution and nSES on cognitive decline on adults 50 years and older in Metro Atlanta, USA. METHODS: Perceived memory and cognitive decline was assessed in 11,897 participants aged 50+ years from the Emory Healthy Aging Study (EHAS) using the cognitive function instrument (CFI). Three-year average air pollution concentrations for 12 pollutants and 16 nSES characteristics were matched to participants using census tracts. Individual exposure linear regression and LASSO models explore individual exposure effects. Environmental mixture modeling methods including, self-organizing maps (SOM), Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR), and quantile-based G-computation explore joint effects, and effect modification between air pollutants and nSES characteristics on cognitive decline. RESULTS: Participants living in areas with higher air pollution concentrations and lower nSES experienced higher CFI scores (beta: 0.121; 95 % CI: 0.076, 0.167) compared to participants living in areas with low air pollution and high nSES. Additionally, the BKMR model showed a significant overall mixture effect on cognitive decline, suggesting synergy between air pollution and nSES. These joint effects explain protective effects observed in single-pollutant linear regression models, even after adjustment for confounding by nSES (e.g., an IQR increase in CO was associated with a 0.038-point lower (95 % CI: -0.06, -0.01) CFI score). DISCUSSION: Observed protective effects of single air pollutants on cognitive decline can be explained by joint effects and effect modification of air pollutants and nSES. Researchers must consider nSES as an effect modifier if not a co-exposure to better understand the complex relationships between air pollution and nSES in urban settings. CI - Copyright (c) 2022. Published by Elsevier Ltd. FAU - Christensen, Grace M AU - Christensen GM AD - Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA. FAU - Li, Zhenjiang AU - Li Z AD - Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA. FAU - Pearce, John AU - Pearce J AD - Department of Public Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA. FAU - Marcus, Michele AU - Marcus M AD - Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA. FAU - Lah, James J AU - Lah JJ AD - Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA. FAU - Waller, Lance A AU - Waller LA AD - Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA. FAU - Ebelt, Stefanie AU - Ebelt S AD - Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA. FAU - Huls, Anke AU - Huls A AD - Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA. Electronic address: anke.huels@emory.edu. LA - eng GR - P30 ES019776/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/United States GR - R01 AG070937/AG/NIA NIH HHS/United States GR - T32 ES012870/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/United States PT - Journal Article PT - Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural PT - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't DEP - 20220716 PL - Netherlands TA - Environ Int JT - Environment international JID - 7807270 RN - 0 (Air Pollutants) RN - 0 (Particulate Matter) SB - IM MH - Aged MH - *Air Pollutants/adverse effects/analysis MH - *Air Pollution/adverse effects/analysis MH - Bayes Theorem MH - *Cognitive Dysfunction/epidemiology/etiology MH - Environmental Exposure/adverse effects/analysis MH - Humans MH - Particulate Matter/analysis MH - Social Class PMC - PMC9382679 MID - NIHMS1829752 OTO - NOTNLM OT - Air pollution OT - Cognitive functioning OT - Environmental mixtures OT - Epidemiology OT - Joint effects OT - Socioeconomic status COIS- Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. EDAT- 2022/07/23 06:00 MHDA- 2022/08/17 06:00 PMCR- 2022/09/01 CRDT- 2022/07/22 18:15 PHST- 2022/04/15 00:00 [received] PHST- 2022/06/22 00:00 [revised] PHST- 2022/07/13 00:00 [accepted] PHST- 2022/07/23 06:00 [pubmed] PHST- 2022/08/17 06:00 [medline] PHST- 2022/07/22 18:15 [entrez] PHST- 2022/09/01 00:00 [pmc-release] AID - S0160-4120(22)00343-9 [pii] AID - 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107416 [doi] PST - ppublish SO - Environ Int. 2022 Sep;167:107416. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107416. Epub 2022 Jul 16.