PMID- 35877664
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20220727
LR  - 20220729
IS  - 1932-6203 (Electronic)
IS  - 1932-6203 (Linking)
VI  - 17
IP  - 7
DP  - 2022
TI  - Poor glycemic control, cardiovascular disease risk factors and their clustering 
      among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A cross-sectional study from Nepal.
PG  - e0271888
LID - 10.1371/journal.pone.0271888 [doi]
LID - e0271888
AB  - BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the most common complication of 
      diabetes mellitus (DM). To prevent morbidity and mortality among patients with 
      type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), optimization of glycemic status and minimizing 
      CVD risk factors is essential. As Nepal has limited data on these CVD risk 
      parameters, we assessed the prevalence of poor glycemic control, CVD risk 
      factors, and their clustering among patients with T2DM. METHODS: Using a 
      cross-sectional study design, we collected data of 366 patients with T2DM. We 
      applied a multistage cluster sampling technique and used the WHO STEPS tools. 
      Binary logistic and Poisson regression was applied to calculate odds and 
      prevalence ratio of clustering of risk factors, considering P< 0.05 statistically 
      significant. RESULTS: The mean age of participants was 54.5+/-10.7 years and 208 
      (57%) were male. The prevalence of poor glycemic control was 66.4% (95% C.I: 
      61.5-71.2). The prevalence of smoking, alcohol users, inadequate fruit and 
      vegetables intake and physical inactivity were 18% (95% C.I:14 to 21.9), 14.8% 
      (95% C.I:11.1 to 18.4), 98.1% (95% C.I: 96.7-99.4), and 9.8% (95% C.I:6.7-12.8), 
      respectively. Overall, 47.3% (95% C.I: 42.1-52.4) were overweight and obese, 59% 
      (95% C.I: 52.9-63) were hypertensive, and 68% (95% C.I: 63.2-72.7) had 
      dyslipidemia. Clustering of two, three, four, five and more than five risk 
      factors was 12.6%, 30%, 30%,19%, and 8.7%, respectively. Four or more risk 
      factors clustering was significantly associated with gender, age, level of 
      education, T2DM duration, and use of medication. Risk factors clustering was 
      significantly higher among males and users of anti-diabetic medications with 
      prevalence ratio of 1.14 (95% C.I:1.05-1.23) and 1.09 (95% C.I: 1.09-1.18)], 
      respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The majority of the patients with T2DM had poor 
      glycemic control and CVD risk factors. Policies and programs focused on the 
      prevention and better management of T2DM and CVD risk factors should be 
      implemented to reduce mortality in Nepal.
FAU - Khanal, Mahesh Kumar
AU  - Khanal MK
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0001-5324-2802
AD  - Provincial Ayurveda Hospital, Ministry of Health, Population and Family Welfare, 
      Dang, Lumbini Province, Nepal.
FAU - Bhandari, Pratiksha
AU  - Bhandari P
AD  - Rapti Life Care Hospital Pvt. Lmt. Tulsipur, Dang, Nepal.
FAU - Dhungana, Raja Ram
AU  - Dhungana RR
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-9610-6306
AD  - Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia.
FAU - Gurung, Yadav
AU  - Gurung Y
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-0397-0489
AD  - Child and Youth Health Research Center, Auckland University of Technology, 
      Auckland, New Zealand.
FAU - Rawal, Lal B
AU  - Rawal LB
AD  - School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, College of Science and 
      Sustainability, Central Queensland University, Sydney, Australia.
AD  - Physical Activity Research Group, Appleton Institute, Central Queensland 
      University, Sydney, Australia.
AD  - Translational Health Research Institute (THRI), Western Sydney University, 
      Sydney, Australia.
FAU - Pandey, Gyanendra
AU  - Pandey G
AD  - Dirghayu Polyclinic and Research Centre, Tulsipur, Dang, Nepal.
FAU - Bhandari, Madan
AU  - Bhandari M
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0001-7049-3654
AD  - Provincial Ayurveda Hospital, Ministry of Health, Population and Family Welfare, 
      Dang, Lumbini Province, Nepal.
FAU - Devkota, Surya
AU  - Devkota S
AD  - Department of Cardiology, Manmohan Cardiothoracic Vascular and Transplant Centre, 
      Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal.
FAU - Courten, Maximilian de
AU  - Courten M
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0001-9997-9359
AD  - Mitchell Institute for Education and Health Policy, Victoria University, 
      Melbourne, Australia.
FAU - Courten, Barbora de
AU  - Courten B
AD  - Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash 
      University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20220725
PL  - United States
TA  - PLoS One
JT  - PloS one
JID - 101285081
SB  - IM
MH  - Adult
MH  - Aged
MH  - *Cardiovascular Diseases/epidemiology
MH  - Cluster Analysis
MH  - Cross-Sectional Studies
MH  - *Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/complications/epidemiology
MH  - Female
MH  - Glycemic Control
MH  - Humans
MH  - Male
MH  - Middle Aged
MH  - Nepal/epidemiology
MH  - Prevalence
MH  - Risk Factors
PMC - PMC9312399
COIS- The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
EDAT- 2022/07/26 06:00
MHDA- 2022/07/28 06:00
PMCR- 2022/07/25
CRDT- 2022/07/25 13:34
PHST- 2022/02/23 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2022/07/01 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2022/07/25 13:34 [entrez]
PHST- 2022/07/26 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2022/07/28 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2022/07/25 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - PONE-D-22-05557 [pii]
AID - 10.1371/journal.pone.0271888 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - PLoS One. 2022 Jul 25;17(7):e0271888. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0271888. 
      eCollection 2022.