PMID- 35878239
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20220727
LR  - 20220818
IS  - 2072-6651 (Electronic)
IS  - 2072-6651 (Linking)
VI  - 14
IP  - 7
DP  - 2022 Jul 18
TI  - Effect of Different N:P Ratios on the Growth, Toxicity, and Toxin Profile of 
      Gymnodinium catenatum (Dinophyceae) Strains from the Gulf of California.
LID - 10.3390/toxins14070501 [doi]
LID - 501
AB  - The harmful microalgae Gymnodinium catenatum is a unique naked dinoflagellate 
      that produces paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins (PSTs). This species is common 
      along the coasts of the Mexican Pacific and is responsible for paralytic 
      shellfish poisoning, which has resulted in notable financial losses in both 
      fisheries and aquaculture. In the Gulf of California, G. catenatum has been 
      related to mass mortality events in fish, shrimp, seabirds, and marine mammals. 
      In this study, the growth, toxin profiles, and toxin content of four G. catenatum 
      strains isolated from Bahia de La Paz (BAPAZ) and Bahia de Mazatlan (BAMAZ) were 
      evaluated with different N:P ratios, keeping the phosphorus concentration 
      constant. All strains were cultivated in semi-continuous cultures (200 mL, 21.0 
       degrees C, 120 micromol photon m(-2)s(-1), and a 12:12 h light-dark cycle) with f/2 + Se 
      medium using N:P ratios of: 4:1, 8:1, 16:1, 32:1, and 64:1. Paralytic toxins were 
      analyzed by HPLC with fluorescence detection. Maximum cellular abundance and 
      growth were obtained at an N:P ratio of 64:1 (3188 cells mL(-1) and 0.34 div 
      day(-1)) with the BAMAZ and BAPAZ strains. A total of ten saxitoxin analogs 
      dominated by N-sulfocarbamoyl (60-90 mol%), decarbamoyl (10-20 mol%), and 
      carbamoyl (5-10 mol%) toxins were detected. The different N:P ratios did not 
      cause significant changes in the PST content or toxin profiles of the strains 
      from both bays, although they did affect cell abundance.
FAU - Hernandez-Sandoval, Francisco E
AU  - Hernandez-Sandoval FE
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0003-2087-5835
AD  - Centro de Investigaciones Biologicas del Noroeste (CIBNOR), Av. Instituto 
      Politecnico Nacional 195 Playa Palo de Santa Rita, La Paz C.P. 23096, Mexico.
FAU - Bustillos-Guzman, Jose J
AU  - Bustillos-Guzman JJ
AD  - Centro de Investigaciones Biologicas del Noroeste (CIBNOR), Av. Instituto 
      Politecnico Nacional 195 Playa Palo de Santa Rita, La Paz C.P. 23096, Mexico.
FAU - Band-Schmidt, Christine J
AU  - Band-Schmidt CJ
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-8251-9820
AD  - Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas 
      (IPN-CICIMAR), Av. IPN s/n, Playa Palo de Santa Rita, La Paz C.P. 23096, Mexico.
FAU - Nunez-Vazquez, Erick J
AU  - Nunez-Vazquez EJ
AD  - Centro de Investigaciones Biologicas del Noroeste (CIBNOR), Av. Instituto 
      Politecnico Nacional 195 Playa Palo de Santa Rita, La Paz C.P. 23096, Mexico.
FAU - Lopez-Cortes, David J
AU  - Lopez-Cortes DJ
AD  - Centro de Investigaciones Biologicas del Noroeste (CIBNOR), Av. Instituto 
      Politecnico Nacional 195 Playa Palo de Santa Rita, La Paz C.P. 23096, Mexico.
FAU - Fernandez-Herrera, Leyberth J
AU  - Fernandez-Herrera LJ
AD  - Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas 
      (IPN-CICIMAR), Av. IPN s/n, Playa Palo de Santa Rita, La Paz C.P. 23096, Mexico.
FAU - Poot-Delgado, Carlos A
AU  - Poot-Delgado CA
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0001-9817-8250
AD  - Instituto Tecnologico Superior de Champoton, Carretera Champoton-Isla Aguada Km 
      2, El Arenal, Champoton, Campeche C.P. 24400, Mexico.
FAU - Moreno-Legorreta, Manuel
AU  - Moreno-Legorreta M
AD  - Centro de Investigaciones Biologicas del Noroeste (CIBNOR), Av. Instituto 
      Politecnico Nacional 195 Playa Palo de Santa Rita, La Paz C.P. 23096, Mexico.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
DEP - 20220718
PL  - Switzerland
TA  - Toxins (Basel)
JT  - Toxins
JID - 101530765
RN  - 0 (Toxins, Biological)
RN  - 35523-89-8 (Saxitoxin)
SB  - IM
MH  - Animals
MH  - Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid
MH  - *Dinoflagellida
MH  - Mammals
MH  - Saxitoxin/analysis
MH  - *Shellfish Poisoning
MH  - *Toxins, Biological
PMC - PMC9321244
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Gulf of California
OT  - Gymnodinium catenatum
OT  - N:P ratio
OT  - paralytic toxins
OT  - semi-continuous culture
OT  - toxin profile
COIS- The authors declare no conflict of interest.
EDAT- 2022/07/26 06:00
MHDA- 2022/07/28 06:00
PMCR- 2022/07/18
CRDT- 2022/07/25 16:13
PHST- 2022/06/05 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2022/07/07 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2022/07/14 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2022/07/25 16:13 [entrez]
PHST- 2022/07/26 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2022/07/28 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2022/07/18 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - toxins14070501 [pii]
AID - toxins-14-00501 [pii]
AID - 10.3390/toxins14070501 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - Toxins (Basel). 2022 Jul 18;14(7):501. doi: 10.3390/toxins14070501.