PMID- 35878248 OWN - NLM STAT- PubMed-not-MEDLINE LR - 20220728 IS - 2305-6304 (Electronic) IS - 2305-6304 (Linking) VI - 10 IP - 7 DP - 2022 Jun 21 TI - In Situ Measurements of Domestic Water Quality and Health Risks by Elevated Concentration of Heavy Metals and Metalloids Using Monte Carlo and MLGI Methods. LID - 10.3390/toxics10070342 [doi] LID - 342 AB - The domestic water (DW) quality of an island province in the Philippines that experienced two major mining disasters in the 1990s was assessed and evaluated in 2021 utilizing the heavy metals pollution index (MPI), Nemerow's pollution index (NPI), and the total carcinogenic risk (TCR) index. The island province sources its DW supply from groundwater (GW), surface water (SW), tap water (TP), and water refilling stations (WRS). This DW supply is used for drinking and cooking by the population. In situ analyses were carried out using an Olympus Vanta X-ray fluorescence spectrometer (XRF) and Accusensing Metals Analysis System (MAS) G1 and the target heavy metals and metalloids (HMM) were arsenic (As), barium (Ba), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), lead (Pb), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), and zinc (Zn). The carcinogenic risk was evaluated using the Monte Carlo (MC) method while a machine learning geostatistical interpolation (MLGI) technique was employed to create spatial maps of the metal concentrations and health risk indices. The MPI values calculated at all sampling locations for all water samples indicated a high pollution. Additionally, the NPI values computed at all sampling locations for all DW samples were categorized as "highly polluted". The results showed that the health quotient indices (HQI) for As and Pb were significantly greater than 1 in all water sources, indicating a probable significant health risk (HR) to the population of the island province. Additionally, As exhibited the highest carcinogenic risk (CR), which was observed in TW samples. This accounted for 89.7% of the total CR observed in TW. Furthermore, all sampling locations exceeded the recommended maximum threshold level of 1.0 x 10(-4) by the USEPA. Spatial distribution maps of the contaminant concentrations and health risks provide valuable information to households and guide local government units as well as regional and national agencies in developing strategic interventions to improve DW quality in the island province. FAU - Senoro, Delia B AU - Senoro DB AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-5255-9979 AD - Resiliency and Sustainable Development Laboratory, Yuchengco Innovation Center, Mapua University, Intramuros, Manila 1002, Philippines. AD - School of Graduate Studies, Mapua University, Intramuros, Manila 1002, Philippines. AD - School of Chemical, Biological, Materials Engineering and Sciences, Mapua University, Intramuros, Manila 1002, Philippines. AD - School of Civil, Environmental, and Geological Engineering, Mapua University, Intramuros, Manila 1002, Philippines. AD - Mapua-MSC Joint Research Laboratory, Marinduque State College, Boac 4900, Philippines. FAU - de Jesus, Kevin Lawrence M AU - de Jesus KLM AD - Resiliency and Sustainable Development Laboratory, Yuchengco Innovation Center, Mapua University, Intramuros, Manila 1002, Philippines. AD - School of Graduate Studies, Mapua University, Intramuros, Manila 1002, Philippines. AD - School of Chemical, Biological, Materials Engineering and Sciences, Mapua University, Intramuros, Manila 1002, Philippines. FAU - Nolos, Ronnel C AU - Nolos RC AUID- ORCID: 0000-0003-0686-5446 AD - Resiliency and Sustainable Development Laboratory, Yuchengco Innovation Center, Mapua University, Intramuros, Manila 1002, Philippines. AD - Mapua-MSC Joint Research Laboratory, Marinduque State College, Boac 4900, Philippines. AD - Department of Environmental Science, College of Natural and Allied Health Sciences, Marinduque State College, Boac 4900, Philippines. FAU - Lamac, Ma Rowela L AU - Lamac MRL AD - Mapua-MSC Joint Research Laboratory, Marinduque State College, Boac 4900, Philippines. AD - Department of Environmental Science, College of Natural and Allied Health Sciences, Marinduque State College, Boac 4900, Philippines. FAU - Deseo, Khainah M AU - Deseo KM AUID- ORCID: 0000-0001-6475-5443 AD - Resiliency and Sustainable Development Laboratory, Yuchengco Innovation Center, Mapua University, Intramuros, Manila 1002, Philippines. AD - Mapua-MSC Joint Research Laboratory, Marinduque State College, Boac 4900, Philippines. FAU - Tabelin, Carlito B AU - Tabelin CB AUID- ORCID: 0000-0001-8314-6344 AD - School of Minerals and Energy Resources Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia. LA - eng GR - D-HIVE 4B Capital/Department of Science and Technology/ PT - Journal Article DEP - 20220621 PL - Switzerland TA - Toxics JT - Toxics JID - 101639637 PMC - PMC9320182 OTO - NOTNLM OT - carcinogenic risk OT - domestic water OT - machine learning OT - metal pollution OT - spatial distribution maps COIS- The authors declare no conflict of interest. EDAT- 2022/07/26 06:00 MHDA- 2022/07/26 06:01 PMCR- 2022/06/21 CRDT- 2022/07/25 16:13 PHST- 2022/05/19 00:00 [received] PHST- 2022/06/09 00:00 [revised] PHST- 2022/06/18 00:00 [accepted] PHST- 2022/07/25 16:13 [entrez] PHST- 2022/07/26 06:00 [pubmed] PHST- 2022/07/26 06:01 [medline] PHST- 2022/06/21 00:00 [pmc-release] AID - toxics10070342 [pii] AID - toxics-10-00342 [pii] AID - 10.3390/toxics10070342 [doi] PST - epublish SO - Toxics. 2022 Jun 21;10(7):342. doi: 10.3390/toxics10070342.