PMID- 35888197
OWN - NLM
STAT- PubMed-not-MEDLINE
LR  - 20220731
IS  - 1996-1944 (Print)
IS  - 1996-1944 (Electronic)
IS  - 1996-1944 (Linking)
VI  - 15
IP  - 14
DP  - 2022 Jul 6
TI  - On the Morphological Deviation in Additive Manufacturing of Porous Ti6Al4V 
      Scaffold: A Design Consideration.
LID - 10.3390/ma15144729 [doi]
LID - 4729
AB  - Additively manufactured Ti scaffolds have been used for bone replacement and 
      orthopaedic applications. In these applications, both morphological and 
      mechanical properties are important for their in vivo performance. Additively 
      manufactured Ti6Al4V triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) scaffolds with 
      diamond and gyroid structures are known to have high stiffness and high 
      osseointegration properties, respectively. However, morphological deviations 
      between the as-designed and as-built types of these scaffolds have not been 
      studied before. In this study, the morphological and mechanical properties of 
      diamond and gyroid scaffolds at macro and microscales were examined. The results 
      demonstrated that the mean printed strut thickness was greater than the designed 
      target value. For diamond scaffolds, the deviation increased from 7.5 mum (2.5% 
      excess) for vertical struts to 105.4 mum (35.1% excess) for horizontal struts. For 
      the gyroid design, the corresponding deviations were larger, ranging from 12.6 mum 
      (4.2% excess) to 198.6 mum (66.2% excess). The mean printed pore size was less 
      than the designed target value. For diamonds, the deviation of the mean pore size 
      from the designed value increased from 33.1 mum (-3.0% excess) for vertical struts 
      to 92.8 mum (-8.4% excess) for horizontal struts. The corresponding deviation for 
      gyroids was larger, ranging from 23.8 mum (-3.0% excess) to 168.7 mum (-21.1% 
      excess). Compressive Young's modulus of the bulk sample, gyroid and diamond 
      scaffolds was calculated to be 35.8 GPa, 6.81 GPa and 7.59 GPa, respectively, via 
      the global compression method. The corresponding yield strength of the samples 
      was measured to be 1012, 108 and 134 MPa. Average microhardness and Young's 
      modulus from alpha and beta phases of Ti6Al4V from scaffold struts were calculated to be 
      4.1 GPa and 131 GPa, respectively. The extracted morphology and mechanical 
      properties in this study could help understand the deviation between the 
      as-design and as-built matrices, which could help develop a design compensation 
      strategy before the fabrication of the scaffolds.
FAU - Naghavi, Seyed Ataollah
AU  - Naghavi SA
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-6111-8163
AD  - Institute of Orthopaedic & Musculoskeletal, Division of Surgery & Interventional 
      Science, University College London, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, 
      Stanmore, London HA7 4LP, UK.
FAU - Wang, Haoyu
AU  - Wang H
AD  - Institute of Orthopaedic & Musculoskeletal, Division of Surgery & Interventional 
      Science, University College London, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, 
      Stanmore, London HA7 4LP, UK.
FAU - Varma, Swastina Nath
AU  - Varma SN
AD  - Institute of Orthopaedic & Musculoskeletal, Division of Surgery & Interventional 
      Science, University College London, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, 
      Stanmore, London HA7 4LP, UK.
FAU - Tamaddon, Maryam
AU  - Tamaddon M
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0003-4669-3597
AD  - Institute of Orthopaedic & Musculoskeletal, Division of Surgery & Interventional 
      Science, University College London, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, 
      Stanmore, London HA7 4LP, UK.
FAU - Marghoub, Arsalan
AU  - Marghoub A
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-0839-576X
AD  - Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, London WC1E 7JE, 
      UK.
FAU - Galbraith, Rex
AU  - Galbraith R
AD  - Department of Statistical Science, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, 
      UK.
FAU - Galbraith, Jane
AU  - Galbraith J
AD  - Department of Statistical Science, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, 
      UK.
FAU - Moazen, Mehran
AU  - Moazen M
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-9951-2975
AD  - Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, London WC1E 7JE, 
      UK.
FAU - Hua, Jia
AU  - Hua J
AD  - School of Science and Technology, Middlesex University, London NW4 4BT, UK.
FAU - Xu, Wei
AU  - Xu W
AD  - National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Rolling and Intelligent 
      Manufacturing, Institute of Engineering Technology, University of Science and 
      Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China.
FAU - Liu, Chaozong
AU  - Liu C
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-9854-4043
AD  - Institute of Orthopaedic & Musculoskeletal, Division of Surgery & Interventional 
      Science, University College London, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, 
      Stanmore, London HA7 4LP, UK.
LA  - eng
GR  - EP/T517793/1/Engineering and Physical Science Research Council (EPSRC)/
GR  - 734156/EU via the H2020-MSCA-RISE-2016 program/
GR  - 102872/Innovate UK via Newton Fund/
GR  - IEC\NSFC\191253/Royal Society via International Exchange scheme/
GR  - 2018YFE0207900/National Key R&D Program of China/
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20220706
PL  - Switzerland
TA  - Materials (Basel)
JT  - Materials (Basel, Switzerland)
JID - 101555929
PMC - PMC9319900
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Ti6Al4V scaffolds
OT  - additive manufacturing
OT  - bone scaffolds
OT  - geometry deviation
OT  - mechanical properties
OT  - nanoindentation
OT  - surface roughness
COIS- The authors declare no conflict of interest.
EDAT- 2022/07/28 06:00
MHDA- 2022/07/28 06:01
PMCR- 2022/07/06
CRDT- 2022/07/27 01:29
PHST- 2022/06/08 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2022/06/29 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2022/07/03 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2022/07/27 01:29 [entrez]
PHST- 2022/07/28 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2022/07/28 06:01 [medline]
PHST- 2022/07/06 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - ma15144729 [pii]
AID - materials-15-04729 [pii]
AID - 10.3390/ma15144729 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - Materials (Basel). 2022 Jul 6;15(14):4729. doi: 10.3390/ma15144729.