PMID- 35893924
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20220728
LR  - 20230308
IS  - 2072-6643 (Electronic)
IS  - 2072-6643 (Linking)
VI  - 14
IP  - 15
DP  - 2022 Jul 26
TI  - Dietary Carbohydrate as Glycemic Load, Not Fat, Coupled with Genetic 
      Permissiveness Favoring Rapid Growth and Extra Calories, Dictate Metabolic 
      Syndrome and Diabetes Induction in Nile Rats (Arvicanthis niloticus).
LID - 10.3390/nu14153064 [doi]
LID - 3064
AB  - Objective: Whether dietary carbohydrate (CHO) or fat is more involved in type 2 
      diabetes (T2DM) induction uncomplicated by dietary fiber was addressed in a 
      spontaneous diabetic model, the diurnal Nile rat that mimics the human condition. 
      Methods: A total of 138 male Nile rats were fed plant-based and animal-based 
      saturated fat where 10% energy as CHO and fat were exchanged across 5 diets 
      keeping protein constant, from 70:10:20 to 20:60:20 as CHO:fat:protein %energy. 
      Diabetes induction was analyzed by: 1. diet composition, i.e., CHO:fat ratio, to 
      study the impact of diet; 2. quintiles of average caloric intake per day to study 
      the impact of calories; 3. quintiles of diabetes severity to study the epigenetic 
      impact on diabetes resistance. Results: High glycemic load (GLoad) was most 
      problematic if coupled with high caloric consumption. Diabetes severity 
      highlighted rapid growth and caloric intake as likely epigenetic factors 
      distorting glucose metabolism. The largest weanling rats ate more, grew faster, 
      and developed more diabetes when the dietary GLoad exceeded their gene-based 
      metabolic capacity for glucose disposal. Diabetes risk increased for susceptible 
      rats when energy intake exceeded 26 kcal/day and the GLoad was >175/2000 kcal of 
      diet and when the diet provided >57% energy as CHO. Most resistant rats ate <25 
      kcal/day independent of the CHO:fat diet ratio or the GLoad adjusted to body 
      size. Conclusion: Beyond the CHO:fat ratio and GLoad, neither the type of fat nor 
      the dietary polyunsaturated/saturated fatty acid (P/S) ratio had a significant 
      impact, suggesting genetic permissiveness affecting caloric and glucose intake 
      and glucose disposition were key to modulating Nile rat diabetes. Fat became 
      protective by limiting GLoad when it contributed >40% energy and displaced CHO to 
      <50% energy, thereby decreasing the number of diabetic rats and diabetes 
      severity.
FAU - Subramaniam, Avinaash
AU  - Subramaniam A
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0003-1670-7054
AD  - Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02453, USA.
FAU - Park, Bumjoon
AU  - Park B
AD  - Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02453, USA.
FAU - Raphael, Domenick
AU  - Raphael D
AD  - Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02453, USA.
FAU - Landstrom, Michelle
AU  - Landstrom M
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-1707-3770
AD  - Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02453, USA.
FAU - Hayes, K C
AU  - Hayes KC
AD  - Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02453, USA.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20220726
PL  - Switzerland
TA  - Nutrients
JT  - Nutrients
JID - 101521595
RN  - 0 (Blood Glucose)
RN  - 0 (Dietary Carbohydrates)
RN  - 0 (Dietary Fats)
RN  - IY9XDZ35W2 (Glucose)
SB  - IM
MH  - Animals
MH  - Blood Glucose/metabolism
MH  - *Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental
MH  - *Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/genetics
MH  - Dietary Carbohydrates/metabolism
MH  - Dietary Fats/metabolism
MH  - Energy Intake
MH  - Glucose
MH  - *Glycemic Load
MH  - Humans
MH  - Male
MH  - *Metabolic Syndrome/genetics
MH  - Murinae/metabolism
MH  - Permissiveness
PMC - PMC9331090
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - glycemic load
OT  - high-carbohydrate diet
OT  - high-fat diet
OT  - macronutrient ratio
OT  - type 2 diabetes
COIS- The authors declare no conflict of interest.
EDAT- 2022/07/28 06:00
MHDA- 2022/07/29 06:00
PMCR- 2022/07/26
CRDT- 2022/07/27 05:05
PHST- 2022/06/13 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2022/07/05 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2022/07/12 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2022/07/27 05:05 [entrez]
PHST- 2022/07/28 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2022/07/29 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2022/07/26 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - nu14153064 [pii]
AID - nutrients-14-03064 [pii]
AID - 10.3390/nu14153064 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - Nutrients. 2022 Jul 26;14(15):3064. doi: 10.3390/nu14153064.