PMID- 35900851
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20221012
LR  - 20231105
IS  - 1479-6813 (Electronic)
IS  - 0952-5041 (Print)
IS  - 0952-5041 (Linking)
VI  - 69
IP  - 4
DP  - 2022 Nov 1
TI  - Retinoid metabolism: new insights.
PG  - T37-T49
LID - 10.1530/JME-22-0082 [doi]
AB  - Vitamin A (retinol) is a critical micronutrient required for the control of stem 
      cell functions, cell differentiation, and cell metabolism in many different cell 
      types, both during embryogenesis and in the adult organism. However, we must 
      obtain vitamin A from food sources. Thus, the uptake and metabolism of vitamin A 
      by intestinal epithelial cells, the storage of vitamin A in the liver, and the 
      metabolism of vitamin A in target cells to more biologically active metabolites, 
      such as retinoic acid (RA) and 4-oxo-RA, must be precisely regulated. Here, I 
      will discuss the enzymes that metabolize vitamin A to RA and the cytochrome P450 
      Cyp26 family of enzymes that further oxidize RA. Because much progress has been 
      made in understanding the regulation of ALDH1a2 (RALDH2) actions in the 
      intestine, one focus of this review is on the metabolism of vitamin A in 
      intestinal epithelial cells and dendritic cells. Another focus is on recent data 
      that 4-oxo-RA is a ligand required for the maintenance of hematopoietic stem cell 
      dormancy and the important role of RARbeta (RARB) in these stem cells. Despite this 
      progress, many questions remain in this research area, which links vitamin A 
      metabolism to nutrition, immune functions, developmental biology, and nuclear 
      receptor pharmacology.
FAU - Gudas, Lorraine J
AU  - Gudas LJ
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0003-3115-4777
AD  - Department of Pharmacology, and Revlon Pharmaceutical Professor of Pharmacology 
      and Toxicology, Pharmacology Department, Weill Cornell Medicine of Cornell 
      University, and the Meyer Cancer Center of Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New 
      York, USA.
LA  - eng
GR  - R01 DK113088/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States
GR  - R21 AA027637/AA/NIAAA NIH HHS/United States
GR  - T32 CA062948/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
PT  - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
PT  - Review
DEP - 20221011
PL  - England
TA  - J Mol Endocrinol
JT  - Journal of molecular endocrinology
JID - 8902617
RN  - 0 (Ligands)
RN  - 0 (Micronutrients)
RN  - 11103-57-4 (Vitamin A)
RN  - 5688UTC01R (Tretinoin)
RN  - 9035-51-2 (Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System)
RN  - EC 1.14.14.1 (Cytochrome P450 Family 26)
SB  - IM
MH  - Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System
MH  - Cytochrome P450 Family 26
MH  - Ligands
MH  - Micronutrients
MH  - *Tretinoin/metabolism
MH  - *Vitamin A/metabolism
PMC - PMC9561048
MID - NIHMS1820997
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - ALDH1a2
OT  - DHRS3
OT  - RDH10
OT  - cytochrome P450
OT  - dendritic cell
OT  - differentiation
OT  - hematopoietic stem cell
OT  - immune system
OT  - nuclear receptor
OT  - nutrition
OT  - retinoic acid
OT  - retinol
OT  - review
OT  - stem cells
OT  - transcription
OT  - vitamin A
COIS- DISCLOSURE OF INTEREST No conflict of interest.
EDAT- 2022/07/29 06:00
MHDA- 2022/10/13 06:00
PMCR- 2023/11/01
CRDT- 2022/07/28 11:55
PHST- 2022/06/03 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2022/06/07 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2022/07/29 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2022/10/13 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2022/07/28 11:55 [entrez]
PHST- 2023/11/01 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - 10.1530/JME-22-0082 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - J Mol Endocrinol. 2022 Oct 11;69(4):T37-T49. doi: 10.1530/JME-22-0082. Print 2022 
      Nov 1.