PMID- 35910083
OWN - NLM
STAT- PubMed-not-MEDLINE
LR  - 20220802
IS  - 2633-1055 (Electronic)
IS  - 2633-1055 (Linking)
VI  - 17
DP  - 2022
TI  - At the Root of 3 "Long" Diseases: Persistent Antigens Inflicting Chronic Damage 
      on the Brain and Other Organs in Gulf War Illness, Long-COVID-19, and Chronic 
      Fatigue Syndrome.
PG  - 26331055221114817
LID - 10.1177/26331055221114817 [doi]
LID - 26331055221114817
AB  - Several foreign antigens such as those derived from viruses and bacteria have 
      been linked to long-term deleterious effects on the brain and other organs; yet, 
      health outcomes subsequent to foreign antigen exposure vary depending in large 
      part on the host's immune system, in general, and on human leukocyte antigen 
      (HLA) composition, in particular. Here we first provide a brief description of 3 
      conditions characterized by persistent long-term symptoms, namely long-COVID-19, 
      myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS), and Gulf War Illness 
      (GWI), followed by a brief overview of the role of HLA in the immune response to 
      foreign antigens. We then discuss our Persistent Antigen (PA) hypothesis and 
      highlight associations between antigen persistence due to HLA-antigen 
      incongruence and chronic health conditions in general and the 3 "long" diseases 
      above in particular. This review is not intended to cover the breadth and depth 
      of symptomatology of those diseases but is specifically focused on the hypothesis 
      that the presence of persistent antigens underlies their pathogenesis.
CI  - (c) The Author(s) 2022.
FAU - James, Lisa M
AU  - James LM
AD  - Department of Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Brain Sciences Center, 
      Minneapolis, MN, USA.
AD  - Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, 
      MN, USA.
AD  - Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, 
      MN, USA.
AD  - Center for Cognitive Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
FAU - Georgopoulos, Apostolos P
AU  - Georgopoulos AP
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0003-4412-725X
AD  - Department of Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Brain Sciences Center, 
      Minneapolis, MN, USA.
AD  - Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, 
      MN, USA.
AD  - Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, 
      MN, USA.
AD  - Center for Cognitive Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
AD  - Department of Neurology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, 
      USA.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Review
DEP - 20220722
PL  - United States
TA  - Neurosci Insights
JT  - Neuroscience insights
JID - 101760670
PMC - PMC9335483
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Gulf War illness
OT  - Human leukocyte antigen
OT  - long-COVID
OT  - myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome
OT  - persistent antigen
COIS- Declaration of Conflicting Interests: The author(s) declared no potential 
      conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or 
      publication of this article.
EDAT- 2022/08/02 06:00
MHDA- 2022/08/02 06:01
PMCR- 2022/07/22
CRDT- 2022/08/01 03:25
PHST- 2022/04/19 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2022/06/28 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2022/08/01 03:25 [entrez]
PHST- 2022/08/02 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2022/08/02 06:01 [medline]
PHST- 2022/07/22 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - 10.1177_26331055221114817 [pii]
AID - 10.1177/26331055221114817 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - Neurosci Insights. 2022 Jul 22;17:26331055221114817. doi: 
      10.1177/26331055221114817. eCollection 2022.