PMID- 35965387
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20221004
LR  - 20240411
IS  - 1525-3163 (Electronic)
IS  - 0021-8812 (Print)
IS  - 0021-8812 (Linking)
VI  - 100
IP  - 10
DP  - 2022 Oct 1
TI  - Effects of a mildly cooked human-grade dog diet on gene expression, skin and coat 
      health measures, and fecal microbiota of healthy adult dogs.
LID - 10.1093/jas/skac265 [doi]
LID - skac265
AB  - Purported benefits of human-grade pet foods include reduced inflammation, 
      enhanced coat quality, and improved gut health, but research is scarce. 
      Therefore, we compared gene expression, skin and coat health measures, and the 
      fecal microbiome of dogs consuming a mildly cooked human-grade or extruded kibble 
      diet. Twenty beagles (BW = 10.25 +/- 0.82 kg; age = 3.85 +/- 1.84 yr) were used in a 
      completely randomized design. Test diets included: 1) chicken and brown rice 
      recipe [feed-grade; extruded; blue buffalo (BB)]; and 2) chicken and white rice 
      [human-grade; mildly cooked; Just Food for Dogs (JFFD)]. The study consisted of a 
      4-week baseline when all dogs ate BB, and a 12-week treatment phase when dogs 
      were randomized to either diet (n = 10/group). After the baseline and treatment 
      phases, fresh fecal samples were scored and collected for pH, dry matter (DM), 
      and microbiome analysis; blood samples were collected for gene expression 
      analysis; hair samples were microscopically imaged; and skin was analyzed for 
      delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH), sebum concentration, hydration status, and 
      transepidermal water loss (TEWL). Data were analyzed as a change from baseline 
      (CFB) using the Mixed Models procedure of SAS (version 9.4). At baseline, fecal 
      pH was higher (P < 0.05) and hair surface score, superoxide dismutase (SOD) 
      expression, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) expression was lower (P < 0.05) 
      in dogs allotted to JFFD. The decrease in CFB fecal pH and DM was greater (P < 
      0.05) in dogs fed JFFD, but fecal scores were not different. The increase in CFB 
      hair surface score was higher (P < 0.05) in dogs fed JFFD. The decrease in CFB 
      TEWL (back region) was greater (P < 0.05) in dogs fed JFFD, but TEWL (inguinal 
      and ear regions), hydration status, and sebum concentrations in all regions were 
      not different. Hair cortex scores and DTH responses were not affected by diet. 
      The increase in CFB gene expression of SOD, COX-2, and TNF-alpha was greater (P < 
      0.05) in dogs fed JFFD. PCoA plots based on Bray-Curtis distances of bacterial 
      genera and species showed small shifts over time in dogs fed BB, but dramatic 
      shifts in those fed JFFD. JFFD increased (adj. P < 0.05) relative abundances of 4 
      bacterial genera, 11 bacterial species, 68 KEGG pathways, and 167 MetaCyc 
      pathways, and decreased (adj. P < 0.05) 16 genera, 25 species, 98 KEGG pathways, 
      and 87 MetaCyc pathways. In conclusion, the JFFD diet dramatically shifted the 
      fecal microbiome but had minor effects on skin and coat measures and gene 
      expression.
CI  - (c) The Author(s) 2022. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the 
      American Society of Animal Science. All rights reserved. For permissions, please 
      e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.
FAU - Geary, Elizabeth L
AU  - Geary EL
AD  - Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 
      Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
FAU - Oba, Patricia M
AU  - Oba PM
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0003-2473-1791
AD  - Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 
      Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
FAU - Applegate, Catherine C
AU  - Applegate CC
AD  - Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 
      Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
AD  - Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, 
      IL 61801, USA.
AD  - The Beckman Institute of Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois 
      at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
FAU - Clark, Lindsay V
AU  - Clark LV
AD  - High Performance Computing in Biology, Roy J. Carver Biotechnology Center, 
      University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
FAU - Fields, Christopher J
AU  - Fields CJ
AD  - High Performance Computing in Biology, Roy J. Carver Biotechnology Center, 
      University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
FAU - Swanson, Kelly S
AU  - Swanson KS
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0001-5518-3076
AD  - Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 
      Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
AD  - Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 
      Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
AD  - Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois at 
      Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Randomized Controlled Trial, Veterinary
PL  - United States
TA  - J Anim Sci
JT  - Journal of animal science
JID - 8003002
RN  - EC 1.14.99.1 (Cyclooxygenase 2)
RN  - EC 1.15.1.1 (Superoxide Dismutase)
RN  - 0 (Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha)
RN  - 059QF0KO0R (Water)
SB  - IM
MH  - Animals
MH  - *Dogs/microbiology/physiology
MH  - *Animal Feed
MH  - Bacteria
MH  - Cyclooxygenase 2/pharmacology
MH  - Diet/veterinary
MH  - *Digestion/physiology
MH  - Feces/microbiology
MH  - Gene Expression
MH  - Superoxide Dismutase
MH  - Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha
MH  - Water
MH  - *Gastrointestinal Microbiome
PMC - PMC9527297
OAB - This study tested the effects of a mildly cooked human-grade diet and a 
      feed-grade extruded kibble diet on the fecal microbiome, skin and coat health 
      measures, and expression of genes related to inflammation and oxidative stress in 
      healthy adult dogs. During a 4-week baseline, 20 beagles consumed the kibble 
      diet. After baseline, 10 dogs continued to consume that diet, while 10 dogs 
      consumed the mildly cooked diet for 12 weeks. After baseline and treatment 
      phases, fresh fecal, blood, and hair samples were collected and skin was 
      analyzed. The mildly cooked diet led to lower fecal pH and dry matter percentage, 
      but fecal scores were not affected. The mildly cooked diet dramatically altered 
      the fecal microbiome, shifting the relative abundances of over 30 bacterial 
      species and 165 bacterial metabolic pathways. Measures of skin sebum content and 
      hydration status were not different between groups, but skin water loss was lower 
      in dogs consuming the mildly cooked diet. Baseline and post-treatment gene 
      expression and hair surface scores were noted, but hair cortex and delayed-type 
      hypersensitivity testing were not altered by diet. Our results demonstrate that 
      mildly cooked diets dramatically change the fecal microbiome, but may not impact 
      skin and coat in healthy adult dogs over a short time period.
OABL- eng
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - canine nutrition
OT  - fecal microbiome
OT  - skin and coat health
EDAT- 2022/08/16 06:00
MHDA- 2022/10/05 06:00
PMCR- 2023/08/15
CRDT- 2022/08/15 00:52
PHST- 2022/05/25 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2022/08/11 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2022/08/16 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2022/10/05 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2022/08/15 00:52 [entrez]
PHST- 2023/08/15 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - 6666025 [pii]
AID - skac265 [pii]
AID - 10.1093/jas/skac265 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - J Anim Sci. 2022 Oct 1;100(10):skac265. doi: 10.1093/jas/skac265.