PMID- 35987225
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20221019
LR  - 20221207
IS  - 1879-1026 (Electronic)
IS  - 0048-9697 (Linking)
VI  - 851
IP  - Pt 1
DP  - 2022 Dec 10
TI  - Consumption of common illicit drugs in twenty-one cities in southwest China 
      through wastewater analysis.
PG  - 158105
LID - S0048-9697(22)05204-4 [pii]
LID - 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158105 [doi]
AB  - Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) was applied to estimate illicit drugs 
      consumption at a provincial scale in southwest China. A large-scale wastewater 
      sampling campaign was carried out from October to November in 2021 in 156 
      different wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Two 24-h composite influent 
      wastewater samples were collected in each WWTP. Concentrations of 11 illicit 
      drugs or their metabolites were determined using liquid chromatography coupled 
      with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Benzoylecgonine, cocaine, 
      6-monoacetylmorphine, norketamine, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), and 
      MDA were not detected in any of the wastewater samples. Methamphetamine and 
      morphine were detected in >84% of samples, while ketamine was found in about 6% 
      of the samples. The city-specific population-weighted consumption of 
      methamphetamine and ketamine were in the range of 0.6-49.7 and N.D.-7.0 mg 1000 
      inh(-1) day(-1), respectively, with provincial population-weighted values of 22.6 
      and 2.4 mg 1000 inh(-1) day(-1) in southwest China. The city-specific load of 
      morphine varied from 3.2 to 10.2 mg 1000 inh(-1) day(-1), with provincial 
      population-weighted load of 6.7 mg 1000 inh(-1) day(-1). Taking into account 
      therapeutic use of morphine and codeine, the provincial heroin consumption was 
      estimated to be 10.3 mg 1000 inh(-1) day(-1), ranging from 1.7 to 18.5 mg 1000 
      inh(-1) day(-1) in 21 cities. Overall, the patterns of illicit drugs use were 
      similar across southwest China, with high prevalence of methamphetamine and 
      heroin, but relatively low use of ketamine. These findings could provide accurate 
      drugs consumption information for timely identifying potential hotspots of 
      illicit drugs use in southwest China.
CI  - Copyright (c) 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
FAU - Wang, Huanbo
AU  - Wang H
AD  - School of Environment and Resource, Southwest University of Science and 
      Technology, Mianyang, China.
FAU - Xu, Buyi
AU  - Xu B
AD  - National Anti-Drug Laboratory Sichuan Regional Center, Chengdu, China; Sichuan 
      Police College, Luzhou, China. Electronic address: xubuyi123@scpolicec.edu.cn.
FAU - Yang, Li
AU  - Yang L
AD  - National Anti-Drug Laboratory Sichuan Regional Center, Chengdu, China.
FAU - Huo, Tingting
AU  - Huo T
AD  - School of Environment and Resource, Southwest University of Science and 
      Technology, Mianyang, China.
FAU - Bai, Dengwen
AU  - Bai D
AD  - National Anti-Drug Laboratory Sichuan Regional Center, Chengdu, China.
FAU - An, Qi
AU  - An Q
AD  - School of Environment and Resource, Southwest University of Science and 
      Technology, Mianyang, China.
FAU - Li, Xiran
AU  - Li X
AD  - School of Environment and Resource, Southwest University of Science and 
      Technology, Mianyang, China.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20220817
PL  - Netherlands
TA  - Sci Total Environ
JT  - The Science of the total environment
JID - 0330500
RN  - 0 (Illicit Drugs)
RN  - 0 (Waste Water)
RN  - 0 (Water Pollutants, Chemical)
RN  - 44RAL3456C (Methamphetamine)
RN  - 690G0D6V8H (Ketamine)
RN  - 70D95007SX (Heroin)
RN  - 76I7G6D29C (Morphine)
RN  - I5Y540LHVR (Cocaine)
RN  - KE1SEN21RM (N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine)
RN  - UX6OWY2V7J (Codeine)
SB  - IM
MH  - China/epidemiology
MH  - Chromatography, Liquid
MH  - Cities
MH  - *Cocaine/analysis
MH  - Codeine/analysis
MH  - Heroin/analysis
MH  - *Illicit Drugs/analysis
MH  - *Ketamine
MH  - *Methamphetamine/analysis
MH  - Morphine/analysis
MH  - *N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine
MH  - Substance Abuse Detection/methods
MH  - Tandem Mass Spectrometry
MH  - Wastewater/chemistry
MH  - *Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Illicit drugs consumption
OT  - Population biomarker
OT  - Southwest China
OT  - Wastewater-based epidemiology
COIS- Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known 
      competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared 
      to influence the work reported in this paper.
EDAT- 2022/08/21 06:00
MHDA- 2022/10/20 06:00
CRDT- 2022/08/20 19:23
PHST- 2022/05/31 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2022/08/13 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2022/08/14 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2022/08/21 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2022/10/20 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2022/08/20 19:23 [entrez]
AID - S0048-9697(22)05204-4 [pii]
AID - 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158105 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Sci Total Environ. 2022 Dec 10;851(Pt 1):158105. doi: 
      10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158105. Epub 2022 Aug 17.