PMID- 36005755
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20220915
LR  - 20231221
IS  - 1098-5336 (Electronic)
IS  - 0099-2240 (Print)
IS  - 0099-2240 (Linking)
VI  - 88
IP  - 17
DP  - 2022 Sep 13
TI  - The Efficacy of Commercial Surface Sanitizers against Norovirus on Formica 
      Surfaces with and without Inclusion of a Wiping Step.
PG  - e0080722
LID - 10.1128/aem.00807-22 [doi]
LID - e00807-22
AB  - Commonly used surface sanitizers often lack activity against human noroviruses 
      (hNoVs). The impact of inactivation versus removal when these products are 
      applied via wiping is poorly characterized. The purpose of this work was to 
      assess the anti-hNoV efficacy of various surface sanitizer chemistries, as 
      applied to a laminate material commonly used for restaurant tabletops, using 
      standard surface assays (ASTM E1053-11) and a newly developed wiping protocol. 
      Four commercially available products with different active ingredient(s) (i.e., 
      ethanol [EtOH], acid + anionic surfactant [AAS], quaternary ammonium compound 
      [QAC], and sodium hypochlorite [NaOCl]) and a water control were evaluated 
      against hNoV GII.4 Sydney, hNoV GI.6, and the cultivable surrogate Tulane virus 
      (TuV). Virus concentration was evaluated using RNase-reverse transcriptase 
      (RT)-quantitative PCR (qPCR) (hNoV) and infectivity assay (TuV). Only the 
      EtOH-based product significantly reduced virus concentration (>3.5 log(10) 
      reduction [LR]) by surface assay, with all other products producing </=0.5 LR. The 
      inclusion of a wiping step enhanced the efficacy of all products, producing 
      complete virus elimination for the EtOH-based product and 1.6 to 3.8 LR for the 
      other chemistries. For hNoVs, no detectable residual virus could be recovered 
      from paper towels used to wipe the EtOH-based product, while high concentrations 
      of virus could be recovered from the used paper towel and the wiped coupon (1.5 
      to 2.5 log(10) lower genome equivalent copies [GEC] compared to control) for the 
      QAC- and AAS-based products and for water. These results illustrate the 
      variability in anti-hNoV activity of representative surface sanitizers and 
      highlights the value of wiping, the efficacy of which appears to be driven by a 
      combination of virus inactivation and removal. IMPORTANCE Human noroviruses 
      (hNoVs) are the leading cause of acute gastroenteritis and food-borne disease 
      worldwide. Noroviruses are difficult to inactivate, being recalcitrant to 
      sanitizers and disinfectants commonly used by the retail food sector. This 
      comparative study demonstrates the variability in anti-hNoV activity of 
      representative surface sanitizers, even those allowed to make label claims based 
      on the cultivable surrogate, feline calicivirus (FCV). It also highlights the 
      importance of wiping in the process of sanitization, which significantly improves 
      product efficacy through the action of physical removal of surface microbes. 
      There is a need for more and better product formulations with demonstrated 
      efficacy against hNoVs, which will likely necessitate the use of alternative 
      cultivable surrogates, such as Tulane virus (TuV). These findings help food 
      safety professionals make informed decisions on sanitizing product selection and 
      application methods in order to reduce the risk of hNoV contamination and 
      transmission in their facilities.
FAU - Faircloth, Jeremy
AU  - Faircloth J
AD  - Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State 
      University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA.
FAU - Goulter, Rebecca M
AU  - Goulter RM
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-7302-5044
AD  - Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State 
      University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA.
FAU - Manuel, Clyde S
AU  - Manuel CS
AD  - GOJO Industries, Inc., Akron, Ohio, USA.
FAU - Arbogast, James W
AU  - Arbogast JW
AD  - GOJO Industries, Inc., Akron, Ohio, USA.
FAU - Escudero-Abarca, Blanca
AU  - Escudero-Abarca B
AD  - Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State 
      University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA.
FAU - Jaykus, Lee-Ann
AU  - Jaykus LA
AD  - Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State 
      University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
DEP - 20220825
PL  - United States
TA  - Appl Environ Microbiol
JT  - Applied and environmental microbiology
JID - 7605801
RN  - 0 (Disinfectants)
RN  - 0 (Quaternary Ammonium Compounds)
RN  - 059QF0KO0R (Water)
RN  - 3K9958V90M (Ethanol)
SB  - IM
EIN - Appl Environ Microbiol. 2023 Dec 21;89(12):e0177223. PMID: 38014950
MH  - Animals
MH  - *Calicivirus, Feline
MH  - Cats
MH  - *Disinfectants/pharmacology
MH  - Ethanol
MH  - *Gastroenteritis
MH  - Humans
MH  - *Norovirus/genetics
MH  - Quaternary Ammonium Compounds
MH  - Virus Inactivation
MH  - Water
PMC - PMC9469706
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Tulane virus
OT  - disinfect
OT  - human norovirus
OT  - sanitize
OT  - wiping
COIS- The authors declare a conflict of interest. The authors have read the journal's 
      policy and have the following competing interests: C.S.M. and J.W.A. are paid 
      employees of GOJO Industries. The ethanol-based surface sanitizer used in this 
      study is manufactured by GOJO Industries. There are no further conflicts of 
      interests associated with this research to declare.
EDAT- 2022/08/26 06:00
MHDA- 2022/09/16 06:00
PMCR- 2022/08/25
CRDT- 2022/08/25 09:02
PHST- 2022/08/26 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2022/09/16 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2022/08/25 09:02 [entrez]
PHST- 2022/08/25 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - 00807-22 [pii]
AID - aem.00807-22 [pii]
AID - 10.1128/aem.00807-22 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Appl Environ Microbiol. 2022 Sep 13;88(17):e0080722. doi: 10.1128/aem.00807-22. 
      Epub 2022 Aug 25.