PMID- 36006118
OWN - NLM
STAT- PubMed-not-MEDLINE
LR  - 20220830
IS  - 2305-6304 (Electronic)
IS  - 2305-6304 (Linking)
VI  - 10
IP  - 8
DP  - 2022 Aug 1
TI  - Current Progress for Retrospective Identification of Nerve Agent Biomarkers in 
      Biological Samples after Exposure.
LID - 10.3390/toxics10080439 [doi]
LID - 439
AB  - Organophosphorus neurotoxic agents (OPNAs) seriously damage the nervous system, 
      inhibiting AChE activity and threatening human health and life. Timely and 
      accurate detection of biomarkers in biomedical samples is an important means for 
      identifying OPNA exposure, helping to recognize and clarify its characteristics 
      and providing unambiguous forensic evidence for retrospective research. It is 
      therefore necessary to summarize the varieties of biomarkers, recognize their 
      various characteristics, and understand the principal research methods for these 
      biomarkers in the retrospective detection of OPNA exposure. Common biomarkers 
      include mainly intact agents, degradation products and protein adducts. Direct 
      agent identification in basic experimental research was successfully applied to 
      the detection of free OPNAs, however, this method is not applicable to actual 
      biomedical samples because the high reactivity of OPNAs promotes rapid 
      metabolism. Stepwise degradation products are important targets for retrospective 
      research and are usually analyzed using a GC-MS, or an LC-MS system after 
      derivatization. The smaller window of detection time requires that sampling be 
      accomplished within 48 h, increasing the obstacles to determining OPNA exposure. 
      For this reason, the focus of retrospective identification of OPNA exposure has 
      shifted to protein adducts with a longer lifetime. Compared to the 
      fluoride-induced reactivation method, which cannot be used for aged adducts, 
      digestive peptide analysis is the more elegant method for detecting various 
      adducts, identifying more active sites, exploring potential biomarkers and 
      excavating characteristic ions. Retrospective identification of biomarkers after 
      OPNA poisoning is of primary importance, providing unambiguous evidence for 
      forensic analysis in actual cases and judgment of chemical accidents. At present, 
      degradation products, the nonapeptide from BChE adducts and Y411 from human serum 
      adducts are used successfully in actual cases of OPNA exposure. However, more 
      potential biomarkers are still in the discovery stage, which may prove 
      inconclusive. Therefore, there is an urgent need for research that screens 
      biomarker candidates with high reactivity and good reliability from the potential 
      candidates. In addition, mass spectrometry detection with high resolution and 
      reactivity and an accurate data processing system in the scanning mode must also 
      be further improved for the retrospective identification of unknown agents.
FAU - Wang, Jin
AU  - Wang J
AD  - State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, China.
FAU - Lu, Xiaogang
AU  - Lu X
AD  - State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, China.
FAU - Gao, Runli
AU  - Gao R
AD  - State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, China.
FAU - Pei, Chengxin
AU  - Pei C
AD  - State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, China.
FAU - Wang, Hongmei
AU  - Wang H
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0003-1057-334X
AD  - State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, China.
LA  - eng
GR  - SKLNBC2021-09/the State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian/
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Review
DEP - 20220801
PL  - Switzerland
TA  - Toxics
JT  - Toxics
JID - 101639637
PMC - PMC9416412
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - biomarkers
OT  - degradation products
OT  - intact agents
OT  - organophosphorus nerve agents
OT  - protein adducts
OT  - research methods
COIS- The authors declare no conflict of interest.
EDAT- 2022/08/26 06:00
MHDA- 2022/08/26 06:01
PMCR- 2022/08/01
CRDT- 2022/08/25 10:23
PHST- 2022/06/27 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2022/07/24 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2022/07/28 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2022/08/25 10:23 [entrez]
PHST- 2022/08/26 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2022/08/26 06:01 [medline]
PHST- 2022/08/01 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - toxics10080439 [pii]
AID - toxics-10-00439 [pii]
AID - 10.3390/toxics10080439 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - Toxics. 2022 Aug 1;10(8):439. doi: 10.3390/toxics10080439.