PMID- 36039198
OWN - NLM
STAT- PubMed-not-MEDLINE
LR  - 20220831
IS  - 2168-8184 (Print)
IS  - 2168-8184 (Electronic)
IS  - 2168-8184 (Linking)
VI  - 14
IP  - 7
DP  - 2022 Jul
TI  - Incidence of Microalbuminuria and Factors Affecting It in Patients With Type 2 
      Diabetes Mellitus.
PG  - e27294
LID - 10.7759/cureus.27294 [doi]
LID - e27294
AB  - Background and objectives Microalbuminuria prevalence is high in patients with 
      type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) all over the world and its prevalence is affected 
      by several factors. In Pakistan, microalbuminuria and factors that play a role in 
      its development in patients with T2DM are under-researched. This study aimed to 
      determine the incidence of microalbuminuria and the factors affecting it in 
      patients with T2DM. Material and methods This descriptive cross-sectional study 
      was performed on 129 diagnosed patients with T2DM in the outpatient department of 
      Benazir Bhutto Hospital, Rawalpindi, for approximately six months from August 
      2021 to January 2022. Patients were recruited in the study through a 
      non-probability consecutive sampling technique and established inclusion and 
      exclusion criteria. Ethical approval was obtained from the relevant hospital 
      ethical review board (ERB). After explaining the study's aims, informed consent 
      was also taken from all patients before the start of data collection. A 
      self-structured and interview-based questionnaire was used for the collection of 
      data. Descriptive statistics and a chi-square test were applied for the data 
      analysis using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 25 
      (Armonk, NY: IBM Corp.). Results The incidence of microalbuminuria in the study 
      population was 31.78%. The association between microalbuminuria and age (p = 
      0.002), gender (p = 0.003), duration of diabetes mellitus (p = 0.001), therapy 
      type (p = 0.03), control of diabetes mellitus, (p = 0.001), and hypertension (p = 
      0.002) was statistically significant. Higher age group, male gender, longer 
      duration of diabetes mellitus, oral hypoglycemic agents, poorly controlled 
      diabetes mellitus, and history of hypertension, all were found to raise the 
      incidence of microalbuminuria. Even though being overweight was also found to 
      raise the incidence of microalbuminuria, the association between microalbuminuria 
      and nutritional status was statistically insignificant (p = 0.05). Conclusion 
      Microalbuminuria incidence is significantly high in the study population. The 
      factors such as increasing age, male gender, longer duration of the diabetes 
      mellitus, oral hypoglycemic agents, poorly controlled diabetes mellitus, and 
      history of hypertension, all raise the incidence of microalbuminuria in patients 
      with T2DM to a statistically significant extent. Screening of microalbuminuria 
      patients with T2DM should be added to the routine investigations for diabetes 
      mellitus for the early detection of renal and cardiovascular complications.
CI  - Copyright (c) 2022, Khan et al.
FAU - Khan, Tayyab Mumtaz
AU  - Khan TM
AD  - Surgery, Rawalpindi Medical University, Rawalpindi, PAK.
FAU - Nawaz, Fatima Kausar
AU  - Nawaz FK
AD  - Medicine, Shaikh Zayed Hospital, Lahore, PAK.
FAU - Karim, Muhammad Sikandar
AU  - Karim MS
AD  - Research, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences and Psychology, 
      Fairfield, USA.
FAU - Shafique, Zubair
AU  - Shafique Z
AD  - Internal Medicine, Sahiwal Medical College, Sahiwal, PAK.
FAU - Anwar, Muhammad Saad
AU  - Anwar MS
AD  - Neurology, AINeuroCare, Dallas, USA.
FAU - Usman, Omer
AU  - Usman O
AD  - Internal Medicine, Services Institute of Medical Sciences, Lahore, PAK.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20220726
PL  - United States
TA  - Cureus
JT  - Cureus
JID - 101596737
PMC - PMC9403210
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - affecting
OT  - factors
OT  - incidence
OT  - microalbuminuria
OT  - patients
OT  - type 2 diabetes mellitus
COIS- The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
EDAT- 2022/08/31 06:00
MHDA- 2022/08/31 06:01
PMCR- 2022/07/26
CRDT- 2022/08/30 01:47
PHST- 2022/07/26 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2022/08/30 01:47 [entrez]
PHST- 2022/08/31 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2022/08/31 06:01 [medline]
PHST- 2022/07/26 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - 10.7759/cureus.27294 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - Cureus. 2022 Jul 26;14(7):e27294. doi: 10.7759/cureus.27294. eCollection 2022 
      Jul.