PMID- 36108758
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20221013
LR  - 20221013
IS  - 1879-1298 (Electronic)
IS  - 0045-6535 (Linking)
VI  - 308
IP  - Pt 2
DP  - 2022 Dec
TI  - Characterization of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances on fire suppression 
      system piping and optimization of removal methods.
PG  - 136254
LID - S0045-6535(22)02747-3 [pii]
LID - 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136254 [doi]
AB  - Fire suppression systems are known to be impacted with residual, entrained per- 
      and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) because of historical use of aqueous film 
      forming foam (AFFF) and fluoroprotein foam. Amphiphilic PFASs aggregate at 
      liquid:solid interfaces creating a hydrophobic layer which reduces the 
      effectiveness of water to remove PFAS from layered surfaces. When fire 
      suppression systems are transitioned to fluorine free foam (F3) without 
      appropriate cleaning, residual PFASs associated with the surfaces of the fire 
      suppression system can contaminate the replacement F3. Release of residual PFASs 
      from fire suppression systems into F3 has been documented; however, little is 
      known about the residual PFASs associated with the surfaces of the fire 
      suppression systems. More information is needed to develop methods to 
      appropriately remove PFASs from fire suppression systems to prevent costly and 
      inefficient foam transitioning and preserve the PFAS-free benefit of F3. The 
      objective of this work was to evaluate the distribution and composition of PFASs 
      on hangar piping exposed to PFAS-containing firefighting foam for a prolonged 
      period. Two assessment methods were used: 1) extractions with methanol, water, 
      and a proprietary aqueous organic solvent (Fluoro Fighter); and 2) direct 
      imaging methods of the surface. Extractions were analyzed with mass spectrometry 
      and combustion ion chromatography. Results indicate pipe in contact with 
      PFAS-containing firefighting foam can amass approximately 10 mug/cm(2) of 
      surface-associated PFAS residual following decades of exposure. Fluoro Fighter 
      demonstrated higher PFAS removal per surface area of pipe than methanol 
      (p = 0.007) or water extraction (p < 0.0001). Scanning electron microscope (SEM) 
      images of the hangar piping reveal deposits suspected to be self-assembled PFAS 
      layers, as evidenced by examination of pipe surfaces using X-ray photoelectron 
      spectroscopy (XPS), which revealed atomic fluorine on the surface of the pipe.
CI  - Copyright (c) 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.
FAU - Lang, Johnsie R
AU  - Lang JR
AD  - Arcadis G&M of North Carolina, Inc., 5420 Wade Park Boulevard, Suite 350, 
      Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA. Electronic address: Johnsie.lang@arcadis.com.
FAU - McDonough, Jeffery
AU  - McDonough J
AD  - Arcadis, 630 Plaza Drive Suite 200 Highlands Ranch CO 80129, USA. Electronic 
      address: mcdonough.jeff@gmail.com.
FAU - Guillette, T C
AU  - Guillette TC
AD  - Arcadis G&M of North Carolina, Inc., 5420 Wade Park Boulevard, Suite 350, 
      Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA. Electronic address: theresa.guillette@arcadis.com.
FAU - Storch, Peter
AU  - Storch P
AD  - Arcadis, 120 Edward Street, Brisbane Queensland 4000, Australia. Electronic 
      address: Peter.Storch@arcadis.com.
FAU - Anderson, John
AU  - Anderson J
AD  - Arcadis, 482 Congress Street, Suite 501, Portland, ME 04101, USA. Electronic 
      address: john.anderson@arcadis.com.
FAU - Liles, David
AU  - Liles D
AD  - Arcadis G&M of North Carolina, Inc., 4915 Prospectus Drive Unit G, Durham, NC, 
      27713, USA. Electronic address: David.Liles@arcadis.com.
FAU - Prigge, Robert
AU  - Prigge R
AD  - Arcadis G&M of North Carolina, Inc., 4915 Prospectus Drive Unit G, Durham, NC, 
      27713, USA. Electronic address: Robert.Prigge@arcadis.com.
FAU - Miles, Jonathan A L
AU  - Miles JAL
AD  - Arcadis 1 Whitehall Riverside, Leeds, LS1 4BN, UK.
FAU - Divine, Craig
AU  - Divine C
AD  - Arcadis, Irvine, CA, USA. Electronic address: craig.divine@arcadis.com.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20220912
PL  - England
TA  - Chemosphere
JT  - Chemosphere
JID - 0320657
RN  - 0 (Fluorocarbons)
RN  - 0 (Solvents)
RN  - 0 (Water Pollutants, Chemical)
RN  - 059QF0KO0R (Water)
RN  - Y4S76JWI15 (Methanol)
SB  - IM
MH  - *Fluorocarbons/analysis
MH  - Methanol
MH  - Solvents/analysis
MH  - Water/chemistry
MH  - *Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - AFFF
OT  - Fire suppressio
OT  - Foam transition
OT  - PFAS
OT  - SEM
OT  - XPS
COIS- Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known 
      competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared 
      to influence the work reported in this paper.
EDAT- 2022/09/16 06:00
MHDA- 2022/10/14 06:00
CRDT- 2022/09/15 19:23
PHST- 2022/05/16 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2022/08/25 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2022/08/26 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2022/09/16 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2022/10/14 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2022/09/15 19:23 [entrez]
AID - S0045-6535(22)02747-3 [pii]
AID - 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136254 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Chemosphere. 2022 Dec;308(Pt 2):136254. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136254. 
      Epub 2022 Sep 12.