PMID- 36116655
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20221123
LR  - 20221123
IS  - 1879-1026 (Electronic)
IS  - 0048-9697 (Linking)
VI  - 856
IP  - Pt 1
DP  - 2023 Jan 15
TI  - Environmental risks from consumer products: Acceptable drinking water quality can 
      produce unacceptable indoor air quality with ultrasonic humidifier use.
PG  - 158787
LID - S0048-9697(22)05886-7 [pii]
LID - 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158787 [doi]
AB  - The commonly used consumer product of an ultrasonic humidifier (e.g., cool mist 
      humidifier) emits fine particles containing metals from tap water used to fill 
      the humidifier. The objectives are: 1) predict emitted indoor air inhalable metal 
      concentrations produced by an ultrasonic humidifier filled with tap-water 
      containing As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, and Pb in 33 m(3) or 72 m(3) rooms with varying 
      air exchange rates; 2) calculate daily ingestion and 8-h inhalation average daily 
      dose (ADD) and hazard quotient (HQ) for adults and children (aged 0.25-6 yr); and 
      3) quantify deposition in respiratory tract via multi-path particle dosimetry 
      (MPPD) model. Mass concentrations of indoor air metals increase proportionally 
      with aqueous metal concentrations in fill water, and are inversely related to 
      ventilation. Inhalation-ADDs are 2 magnitudes lower than ingestion-ADDs, using 
      identical water quality for ingestion and fill-water. However, in the 33 m(3), 
      low 0.2/h ventilated room, inhalation-HQs are >1 for children and adults, except 
      for Pb. HQ inhalation risks exceed ingestion risks at drinking water regulated 
      levels for As, Cd, Cr, and Mn. MPPD shows greater dose deposits in lungs of 
      children than adults, and 3 times greater deposited doses in a 33 m(3) vs 72 m(3) 
      room. Rethinking health effects of drinking water and consumer products to 
      broaden consideration of multiple exposure routes is needed.
CI  - Copyright (c) 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
FAU - Dietrich, Andrea M
AU  - Dietrich AM
AD  - Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 
      USA. Electronic address: andread@vt.edu.
FAU - Yao, Wenchuo
AU  - Yao W
AD  - Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 
      USA.
FAU - Gohlke, Julia M
AU  - Gohlke JM
AD  - Department of Population Health Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA.
FAU - Gallagher, Daniel L
AU  - Gallagher DL
AD  - Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 
      USA.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20220916
PL  - Netherlands
TA  - Sci Total Environ
JT  - The Science of the total environment
JID - 0330500
RN  - 0 (Drinking Water)
RN  - 00BH33GNGH (Cadmium)
RN  - 2P299V784P (Lead)
RN  - 0 (Metals, Heavy)
SB  - IM
MH  - Child
MH  - Adult
MH  - Humans
MH  - *Air Pollution, Indoor/analysis
MH  - Humidifiers
MH  - *Drinking Water
MH  - Water Quality
MH  - Cadmium
MH  - Ultrasonics
MH  - Lead
MH  - Risk Assessment
MH  - Environmental Monitoring
MH  - *Metals, Heavy/analysis
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Children health
OT  - Indoor air quality
OT  - Inhalation toxicity
OT  - Inorganic metals
OT  - Risk assessment
OT  - Ultrasonic humidifier
COIS- Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known 
      competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared 
      to influence the work reported in this paper.
EDAT- 2022/09/19 06:00
MHDA- 2022/11/24 06:00
CRDT- 2022/09/18 19:25
PHST- 2022/07/25 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2022/09/10 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2022/09/11 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2022/09/19 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2022/11/24 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2022/09/18 19:25 [entrez]
AID - S0048-9697(22)05886-7 [pii]
AID - 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158787 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Sci Total Environ. 2023 Jan 15;856(Pt 1):158787. doi: 
      10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158787. Epub 2022 Sep 16.