PMID- 36143913
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20220926
LR  - 20220928
IS  - 1648-9144 (Electronic)
IS  - 1010-660X (Print)
IS  - 1010-660X (Linking)
VI  - 58
IP  - 9
DP  - 2022 Sep 7
TI  - Stunting as a Risk Factor for Asthma: The Role of Vitamin D, Leptin, IL-4, and 
      CD23.
LID - 10.3390/medicina58091236 [doi]
LID - 1236
AB  - Stunting, which results from chronic malnutrition, is common in children from 
      low- and middle-income countries. Several studies have reported an association 
      between obesity and asthma. However, only a handful of studies have identified 
      stunting as a significant risk factor for wheezing, a symptom of asthma, although 
      the underlying mechanism remains unclear. This article aimed to review possible 
      mechanisms underlying asthma in stunted children. Overall, changes in diet or 
      nutritional status and deficiencies in certain nutrients, such as vitamin D, can 
      increase the risk of developing asthma. Vitamin D deficiency can cause linear 
      growth disorders such as stunting in children, with lower levels of 25(OH)D found 
      in underweight and stunted children. Stunted children show a decreased lean body 
      mass, which affects lung growth and function. Low leptin levels during 
      undernutrition cause a Th1-Th2 imbalance toward Th2, resulting in increased 
      interleukin (IL)-4 cytokine production and total immunoglobulin E (IgE). Studies 
      in stunted underweight children have also found an increase in the proportion of 
      the total number of B cells with low-affinity IgE receptors (CD23+). CD23+ plays 
      an important role in allergen presentation that is facilitated by IgE to T cells 
      and strongly activates allergen-specific T cells and the secretion of Th2-driving 
      cytokines. Stunted children present with low vitamin D and leptin levels, 
      impaired lung growth, decreased lung function, and increased IL-4 and CD23+ 
      levels. All of these factors may be considered consequential in asthma in stunted 
      children.
FAU - Sapartini, Gartika
AU  - Sapartini G
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-8372-8456
AD  - Doctoral Study Program, Department of Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, 
      Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 40161, Indonesia.
FAU - Wong, Gary W K
AU  - Wong GWK
AD  - Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong, 
      Hong Kong, China.
FAU - Indrati, Agnes Rengga
AU  - Indrati AR
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0003-3923-9767
AD  - Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, 
      Dr. Hasan Sadikin Central Hospital, Bandung 40161, Indonesia.
FAU - Kartasasmita, Cissy B
AU  - Kartasasmita CB
AD  - Department of Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Dr. 
      Hasan Sadikin Central Hospital, Bandung 40161, Indonesia.
FAU - Setiabudiawan, Budi
AU  - Setiabudiawan B
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-4842-2451
AD  - Department of Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Dr. 
      Hasan Sadikin Central Hospital, Bandung 40161, Indonesia.
LA  - eng
GR  - Hibah Internal Unpad/Padjadjaran University/
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Review
DEP - 20220907
PL  - Switzerland
TA  - Medicina (Kaunas)
JT  - Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania)
JID - 9425208
RN  - 0 (Allergens)
RN  - 0 (Cytokines)
RN  - 0 (Leptin)
RN  - 0 (Receptors, IgE)
RN  - 0 (Vitamins)
RN  - 1406-16-2 (Vitamin D)
RN  - 207137-56-2 (Interleukin-4)
RN  - 37341-29-0 (Immunoglobulin E)
SB  - IM
MH  - Allergens
MH  - *Asthma/complications
MH  - Child
MH  - Cytokines
MH  - Growth Disorders/complications
MH  - Humans
MH  - Immunoglobulin E
MH  - Interleukin-4
MH  - Leptin
MH  - *Receptors, IgE
MH  - Risk Factors
MH  - Thinness
MH  - Vitamin D
MH  - Vitamins
PMC - PMC9503774
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - CD23+
OT  - asthma
OT  - interleukin-4
OT  - stunting
OT  - vitamin D
COIS- The authors declare no conflict of interest.
EDAT- 2022/09/24 06:00
MHDA- 2022/09/28 06:00
PMCR- 2022/09/07
CRDT- 2022/09/23 01:33
PHST- 2022/07/07 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2022/08/29 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2022/08/31 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2022/09/23 01:33 [entrez]
PHST- 2022/09/24 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2022/09/28 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2022/09/07 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - medicina58091236 [pii]
AID - medicina-58-01236 [pii]
AID - 10.3390/medicina58091236 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - Medicina (Kaunas). 2022 Sep 7;58(9):1236. doi: 10.3390/medicina58091236.