PMID- 36145358
OWN - NLM
STAT- PubMed-not-MEDLINE
LR  - 20220928
IS  - 1424-8247 (Print)
IS  - 1424-8247 (Electronic)
IS  - 1424-8247 (Linking)
VI  - 15
IP  - 9
DP  - 2022 Sep 12
TI  - Antiproliferative and Apoptotic Effects of Graphene Oxide @AlFu MOF Based Saponin 
      Natural Product on OSCC Line.
LID - 10.3390/ph15091137 [doi]
LID - 1137
AB  - The increasing rate of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and the undesirable 
      side effects of anticancer agents have enhanced the demand for the development of 
      efficient, detectable, and targeted anticancer systems. Saponins are a diverse 
      family of natural glycosides that have recently been evaluated as an effective 
      compound for the targeted therapy of squamous cell carcinoma. Due to their porous 
      nature and stable structure, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are a well-known 
      substance form for various biological applications, such as drug delivery. In 
      this study, we fabricated a novel hybrid, highly porous and low-toxic 
      saponin-loaded nanostructure by modifying graphene oxide (GO)/reduced GO (rGO) 
      with aluminum fumarate (AlFu) as MOF core-shell nanocomposite. The 
      characterization of the nanostructures was investigated by FTIR, TEM, EDX, FESEM, 
      and BET. MTT assay was used to investigate the anticancer activity of these 
      compounds on OSCC and PDL normal dental cells. The effect of the nanocomposites 
      on OSCC was then investigated by studying apoptosis and necrosis using flow 
      cytometry. The GO/rGO was decorated with a saponin-AlFu mixture to further 
      investigate cytotoxicity. The results of the MTT assay showed that PDL cells 
      treated with AlFu-GO-saponin at a concentration of 250 mug/mL had a viability of 
      74.46 +/- 16.02%, while OSCC cells treated with this sample at a similar 
      concentration had a viability of only 38.35 +/- 19.9%. The anticancer effect of 
      this nanostructure on OSCC was clearly demonstrated. Moreover, the number of 
      apoptotic cells in the AlFu-GO-saponin and AlFu-rGO-saponin groups was 10.98 +/- 
      2.36%-26.90 +/- 3.24% and 15.9 +/- 4.08%-29.88 +/- 0.41%, respectively, compared with 
      2.52 +/- 0.78%-1.31 +/- 0.62% in the untreated group. This significant increase in 
      apoptotic effect observed with AlFu-rGO-saponin was also reflected in the 
      significant anticancer effect of saponin-loaded nanostructures. Therefore, this 
      study suggests that an effective saponin delivery system protocol for the precise 
      design and fabrication of anticancer nanostructures for OSCC therapy should be 
      performed prior to in vivo evaluations.
FAU - Mousavi, Seyyed Mojtaba
AU  - Mousavi SM
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0003-2866-9286
AD  - Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and 
      Technology, Taipei City 106335, Taiwan.
FAU - Hashemi, Seyyed Alireza
AU  - Hashemi SA
AD  - Nanomaterials and Polymer Nanocomposites Laboratory, School of Engineering, 
      University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada.
FAU - Ghahramani, Yasmin
AU  - Ghahramani Y
AD  - Department of Endodontics, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 
      71956-15787, Iran.
FAU - Azhdari, Rouhollah
AU  - Azhdari R
AD  - Biotechnology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 
      71468-64685, Iran.
FAU - Yousefi, Khadijeh
AU  - Yousefi K
AD  - Department of Dental Materials and Biomaterials Research Centre, Shiraz Dental 
      School, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71956-15787, Iran.
FAU - Gholami, Ahmad
AU  - Gholami A
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0003-1851-159X
AD  - Biotechnology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 
      71468-64685, Iran.
FAU - Fallahi Nezhad, Fatemeh
AU  - Fallahi Nezhad F
AD  - Biotechnology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 
      71468-64685, Iran.
FAU - Vijayakameswara Rao, Neralla
AU  - Vijayakameswara Rao N
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0001-8534-7158
AD  - Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and 
      Technology, Taipei City 106335, Taiwan.
FAU - Omidifar, Navid
AU  - Omidifar N
AD  - Department of Pathology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 
      71468-64685, Iran.
FAU - Chiang, Wei-Hung
AU  - Chiang WH
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-6350-6696
AD  - Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and 
      Technology, Taipei City 106335, Taiwan.
LA  - eng
GR  - grant number: MOST 110-2628-E-011-003, MOST 109-2923-E-011-003-MY, MOST 
      111-NU-E-011-001-NU/Ministry of Science and Technology/
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20220912
PL  - Switzerland
TA  - Pharmaceuticals (Basel)
JT  - Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland)
JID - 101238453
PMC - PMC9504826
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - aluminum fumarate
OT  - graphene oxide
OT  - saponin
OT  - squamous cell carcinoma cancer
COIS- The authors declare no conflict of interest.
EDAT- 2022/09/24 06:00
MHDA- 2022/09/24 06:01
PMCR- 2022/09/12
CRDT- 2022/09/23 01:41
PHST- 2022/07/29 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2022/09/07 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2022/09/08 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2022/09/23 01:41 [entrez]
PHST- 2022/09/24 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2022/09/24 06:01 [medline]
PHST- 2022/09/12 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - ph15091137 [pii]
AID - pharmaceuticals-15-01137 [pii]
AID - 10.3390/ph15091137 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2022 Sep 12;15(9):1137. doi: 10.3390/ph15091137.