PMID- 36148611
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20221207
LR  - 20221207
IS  - 1945-1938 (Electronic)
IS  - 1049-023X (Linking)
VI  - 37
IP  - 6
DP  - 2022 Dec
TI  - Pooled Urine Analysis at a Belgian Music Festival: Trends in Alcohol Consumption 
      and Recreational Drug Use.
PG  - 806-809
LID - 10.1017/S1049023X22001285 [doi]
AB  - BACKGROUND: Recreational drug use has become more and more accepted in society. 
      Availability and purity are rising and new psychoactive substances (NPS) are 
      popping up.The aim of this study was to provide objective data on illicit drug 
      use at a Belgian festival in order to report on arising trends. This may provide 
      additional information to help develop preventive strategies. METHODS: A 
      cross-sectional study took place during a music festival in the summer of 2019, 
      where 43 samples of pooled urine were collected at four different locations and 
      at different moments of the day. Analysis was performed using gas chromatography 
      with a flame ionization detector (GC-FID) to determine ethanol concentrations. 
      Drugs of abuse were quantified using liquid chromatography-tandem mass 
      spectrometry. A qualitative analysis was performed using high-resolution mass 
      spectrometry. RESULTS: Median ethanol concentration was 0.88g/L. Cocaine, 
      3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), amphetamines, ketamine, and cannabis 
      were detected in almost every sample and often in high concentrations. 
      Furthermore, two NPS were detected and a variety of over-the-counter medication 
      and adulterants were also found. DISCUSSION: The findings were largely in-line 
      with trends outlined in the European Drug Report. Striking were the relatively 
      high concentrations of MDMA and ketamine and detection of two synthetic 
      cathinones. Two possible adulterants of cocaine were detected, namely flecainide 
      and amlodipine. CONCLUSION: Music festivals are considered a high-risk setting 
      for alcohol consumption and illicit drug use. Analysis of pooled urine samples at 
      a festival therefore provides a valuable method to evaluate trends and to screen 
      for new substances. Wide-spread use of classical drugs and identification of two 
      NPS were observed during a major international music festival in Belgium. Results 
      need to be interpreted carefully, taking into account the possibilities and 
      limitations of the used techniques and a standardized sampling is required.
FAU - Geuens, Marjolein
AU  - Geuens M
AD  - Emergency Department, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
FAU - Van Hoofstadt, Kathleen
AU  - Van Hoofstadt K
AD  - Emergency Department, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
FAU - Hoogmartens, Olivier
AU  - Hoogmartens O
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0003-2364-4960
AD  - Emergency Department, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
FAU - Van den Eede, Nele
AU  - Van den Eede N
AD  - Laboratory Medicine, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
FAU - Sabbe, Marc
AU  - Sabbe M
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-7599-5642
AD  - Emergency Department, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20220923
PL  - United States
TA  - Prehosp Disaster Med
JT  - Prehospital and disaster medicine
JID - 8918173
RN  - 0 (Illicit Drugs)
RN  - KE1SEN21RM (N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine)
RN  - 690G0D6V8H (Ketamine)
RN  - I5Y540LHVR (Cocaine)
RN  - 3K9958V90M (Ethanol)
MH  - Humans
MH  - *Illicit Drugs
MH  - Holidays
MH  - Substance Abuse Detection/methods
MH  - Recreational Drug Use
MH  - *N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine
MH  - Belgium/epidemiology
MH  - *Music
MH  - *Ketamine
MH  - Cross-Sectional Studies
MH  - *Substance-Related Disorders/epidemiology/diagnosis
MH  - Alcohol Drinking/epidemiology
MH  - *Cocaine/urine
MH  - Ethanol
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - alcohol use
OT  - drug testing
OT  - music festivals
OT  - pooled urine
OT  - recreational drug use
EDAT- 2022/09/24 06:00
MHDA- 2023/02/25 06:00
CRDT- 2022/09/23 04:52
PHST- 2022/09/24 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2023/02/25 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2022/09/23 04:52 [entrez]
AID - S1049023X22001285 [pii]
AID - 10.1017/S1049023X22001285 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Prehosp Disaster Med. 2022 Dec;37(6):806-809. doi: 10.1017/S1049023X22001285. 
      Epub 2022 Sep 23.