PMID- 36157456
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20220928
LR  - 20220928
IS  - 1664-2392 (Print)
IS  - 1664-2392 (Electronic)
IS  - 1664-2392 (Linking)
VI  - 13
DP  - 2022
TI  - Fasting and stimulated glucagon-like peptide-1 exhibit a compensatory adaptive 
      response in diabetes and pre-diabetes states: A multi-ethnic comparative study.
PG  - 961432
LID - 10.3389/fendo.2022.961432 [doi]
LID - 961432
AB  - BACKGROUND: Impaired secretion of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) among 
      Caucasians contributes to reduced incretin effect in type 2 diabetes mellitus 
      (T2DM) patients. However, studies emanating from East Asia suggested preserved 
      GLP-1 levels in pre-diabetes (pre-DM) and T2DM. We aimed to resolve these 
      conflicting findings by investigating GLP-1 levels during oral glucose tolerance 
      test (OGTT) among Malay, Chinese, and Indian ethnicities with normal glucose 
      tolerance (NGT), pre-DM, and T2DM. The association between total GLP-1 levels, 
      insulin resistance, and insulin sensitivity, and GLP-1 predictors were also 
      analyzed. METHODS: A total of 174 subjects were divided into NGT (n=58), pre-DM 
      (n=54), and T2DM (n=62). Plasma total GLP-1 concentrations were measured at 0, 
      30, and 120 min during a 75-g OGTT. Homeostasis model assessment of insulin 
      resistance (HOMA-IR), HOMA of insulin sensitivity (HOMA-IS), and 
      triglyceride-glucose index (TyG) were calculated. RESULTS: Total GLP-1 levels at 
      fasting and 30 min were significantly higher in T2DM compared with pre-DM and NGT 
      (27.18 +/- 11.56 pmol/L vs. 21.99 +/- 10.16 pmol/L vs. 16.24 +/- 7.79 pmol/L, p=0.001; 
      and 50.22 +/- 18.03 pmol/L vs. 41.05 +/- 17.68 pmol/L vs. 31.44 +/- 22.59 pmol/L, 
      p<0.001; respectively). Ethnicity was a significant determinant of AUC(GLP-1), 
      with the Indians exhibiting higher GLP-1 responses than Chinese and Malays. 
      Indians were the most insulin resistant, whereas Chinese were the most insulin 
      sensitive. The GLP-1 levels were positively correlated with HOMA-IR and TyG but 
      negatively correlated with HOMA-IS. This relationship was evident among Indians 
      who exhibited augmented GLP-1 responses proportionately to their high 
      insulin-resistant states. CONCLUSION: This is the first study that showed GLP-1 
      responses are augmented as IR states increase. Fasting and post-OGTT GLP-1 levels 
      are raised in T2DM and pre-DM compared to that in NGT. This raises a possibility 
      of an adaptive compensatory response that has not been reported before. Among the 
      three ethnic groups, the Indians has the highest IR and GLP-1 levels supporting 
      the notion of an adaptive compensatory secretion of GLP-1.
CI  - Copyright (c) 2022 Chong, Sukor, Robert, Ng and Kamaruddin.
FAU - Chong, Shiau Chin
AU  - Chong SC
AD  - Department of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre (UKMMC), 
      Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
FAU - Sukor, Norlela
AU  - Sukor N
AD  - Department of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre (UKMMC), 
      Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
FAU - Robert, Sarah Anne
AU  - Robert SA
AD  - Department of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre (UKMMC), 
      Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
FAU - Ng, Kim Fong
AU  - Ng KF
AD  - Department of Cardiology, Hospital Sultanah Aminah Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia.
FAU - Kamaruddin, Nor Azmi
AU  - Kamaruddin NA
AD  - Department of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre (UKMMC), 
      Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
DEP - 20220909
PL  - Switzerland
TA  - Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)
JT  - Frontiers in endocrinology
JID - 101555782
RN  - 0 (Blood Glucose)
RN  - 0 (Incretins)
RN  - 0 (Insulin)
RN  - 0 (Triglycerides)
RN  - 89750-14-1 (Glucagon-Like Peptide 1)
SB  - IM
MH  - Blood Glucose
MH  - *Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
MH  - Ethnicity
MH  - Fasting
MH  - Glucagon-Like Peptide 1
MH  - Humans
MH  - Incretins
MH  - Insulin
MH  - *Insulin Resistance
MH  - *Prediabetic State
MH  - Triglycerides
PMC - PMC9501699
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - ethnicity
OT  - glucagon-like peptide-1
OT  - glucose tolerance
OT  - incretin
OT  - insulin resistance
OT  - pre-diabetes
OT  - secretion
OT  - type 2 diabetes mellitus
COIS- The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any 
      commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential 
      conflict of interest.
EDAT- 2022/09/27 06:00
MHDA- 2022/09/28 06:00
PMCR- 2022/01/01
CRDT- 2022/09/26 17:09
PHST- 2022/06/04 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2022/08/22 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2022/09/26 17:09 [entrez]
PHST- 2022/09/27 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2022/09/28 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2022/01/01 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - 10.3389/fendo.2022.961432 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2022 Sep 9;13:961432. doi: 
      10.3389/fendo.2022.961432. eCollection 2022.